Testing Your Web Apps
A Quick 10-Step Guide
Interested in a quick checklist for testing a web application? The following 10 steps cover the most critical items that I have found important in making sure a web application is ready to be deployed. Depending on size, complexity, and corporate policies, modify the following steps to meet your specific testing needs.
Step 1 - Objectives
Make sure to establish your testing objectives up front and make sure they are measurable. It will make your life a lot easier by having written objectives that your whole team can understand and rally around. In addition to documenting your objectives, make sure your objectives are prioritized. Ask yourself questions like "What is most important: minimal defects or time-to-market?"
Here are two examples of how to determine priorities:
If you are building a medical web application that will assist in diagnosing illnesses, and someone could potentially die based on how correctly the application functions, you may want to make testing the correctness of the business functionality a higher priority than testing for navigational consistency throughout the application.
If you are testing an application that will be used to solicit external funding, you may want to put testing the aspects of the application that impact the visual appeal as the highest testing priority.
Your web application doesn't have to be perfect; it just needs to meet your intended customer's requirements and expectations.
Step 2 – Process and Reporting
Make sure that everyone on your testing team knows his or her role. Who should report what to whom and when? In other words, define your testing process. Use the following questions to help you get started:
* How will issues be reported?
* Who can assign issues?
* How will issues be categorized?
* Who needs what report and when do they need it?
* Are team meetings scheduled in advance or scheduled as needed?
You may define your testing process and reporting requirements formally or informally, depending on your particular needs. The main point to keep in mind is to organize your team in a way that supports your testing objectives and takes into account the individual personalities on your team. One size never fits all when dealing with people.
Step 3 - Tracking Results
Once you start executing your test plans, you will probably generate a large number of bugs, issues, defects, etc. You will want a way to easily store, organize, and distribute this information to the appropriate technical team members. You will also need a way to keep management informed on the status of your testing efforts. If your company already has a system in place to track this type of information, don't try to reinvent the wheel. Take advantage of what's already in place.
If your company doesn't already have something in place, spend a little time investigating some of the easy-to-setup online systems such as the one found at AdminiTrack.com. By using an online system, you can make it much easier on yourself by eliminating the need to install and maintain an off-the-shelf package.
Step 4 - Test Environment
Set up a test environment that is separate from your development and production environment. This includes a separate web server, database server, and application server if applicable. You may or may not be able to utilize existing computers to setup a separate test environment.
Create an explicitly defined procedure for moving code to and from your test environment and make sure the procedure is followed. Also, work with your development team to make sure each new version of source code to be tested is uniquely identified.
Step 5 - Usability Testing
In usability testing, you'll be looking at aspects of your web application that affect the user's experience, such as:
* How easy is it to navigate through your web application?
* Is it obvious to the user which actions are available to him or her?
* Is the look-and-feel of your web application consistent from page to page, including font sizes and colors?
The book, "Don't Make Me Think! A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability" by Steve Krug and Roger Black, provides a practical approach to the topic of usability. I refer to it often, and recommend it highly.
In addition to the traditional navigation and look-and-feel issues, Section 508 compliance is another area of importance. The 1998 Amendment to Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act spells out accessibility requirements for individuals with certain disabilities.
For instance, if a user forgets to fill in a required field, you might think it is a good idea to present the user with a friendly error message and change the color of the field label to red or some other conspicuous color. However, changing the color of the field label would not really help a user who has difficulty deciphering colors. The use of color may help most users, but you would want to use an additional visual clue, such as placing an asterisk beside the field in question or additionally making the text bold.
For more details, refer to http://www.section508.gov. Another great resource that can help analyze your HTML pages for Section 508 compliance can be found at http://www.cast.org/bobby/. If you are working with the United States federal government, Section 508 compliance is not only good design, it most likely is a legal requirement. You may want to utilize the following information regarding techniques for accessibility evaluation and repair tools, which can be found at http://www.w3.org/TR/AERT.
Step 6 – Unit Testing
Unit testing is focused on verifying small portions of functionality. For example, an individual unit test case might focus on verifying that the correct data has been saved to the database when the Submit button on a particular page is clicked.
An important subset of unit testing that is often overlooked is range checking. That is, making sure all the fields that collect information from the user, can gracefully handle any value that is entered. Most people think of range checking as making sure that a numeric field only accepts numbers. In addition to traditional range checking make sure you also check for less common, but just as problematic exceptions. For example, what happens when a user enters his or her last name and the last name contains an apostrophe, such as O'Brien? Different combinations of databases and database drivers handle the apostrophe differently, sometimes with unexpected results. Proper unit testing will help rid your web application of obvious errors that your users should never have to encounter.
Step 7 - Verifying the HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is the computer language sent from your web server to the web browser on your users' computer to display the pages that make up your web application. The World Wide Web Consortium (http://www.w3.org) manages the HTML specification. One major objective of HTML is to provide the ability for anyone from anywhere to access information on the World Wide Web. This concept generally holds true if you conform strictly to the relevant version of the HTML specification that you will support. Unfortunately, in the real world, it is possible for a developer to inadvertently use a proprietary HTML tag that may not work for all of your intended users.
Verifying HTML is simple in concept but can be very time consuming in practice. A good place to start is with the World Wide Web Consortium's free HTML Validation Service (http://validator.w3.org). There are also other online and downloadable applications to help in this area such as Net Mechanic (http://www.netmechanic.com). There are two main aspects of verifying the validity of your HTML. First, you want to make sure that your syntax is correct, such as verifying that all opening and closing tags match, etc. Secondly, you want to verify how your pages look in different browsers, at different screen resolutions, and on different operating systems. Create a profile of your target audience and make some decisions on what browsers you will support, on which operating systems, and at what screen resolutions.
In general, the later versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer are very forgiving. If your development team has only been using Internet Explorer 5.5 on high-resolution monitors, you may be unpleasantly surprised when you see your web application on a typical user's computer. The sooner you start verifying your HTML, the better off your web application will be.
Step 8 - Load Testing
In performing load testing, you want to simulate how users will use your web application in the real world. The earlier you perform load testing the better. Simple design changes can often make a significant impact on the performance and scalability of your web application. A good overview of how to perform load testing can be found on Microsoft's Developer Network (MSDN) website:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/03/01/LoadTesting/default.aspx
A topic closely related to load testing is performance tuning. Performance tuning should be tightly integrated with the design of your application. If you are using Microsoft technology, the following article is a great resource for understanding the specifics of tuning a web application.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/vsent7/html/vxconPerformance.asp
People hate to wait for a web page to load. As general rule, try to make sure that all of your pages load in 15 seconds or less. This rule will of course depend on your particular application and the expectations of the people using it.
Step 9 - User Acceptance Testing
By performing user acceptance testing, you are making sure your web application fits the use for which it was intended. Simply stated, you are making sure your web application makes things easier for the user and not harder. One effective way to handle user acceptance testing is by setting up a beta test for your web application.
Step 10 - Testing Security
With the large number of highly skilled hackers in the world, security should be a huge concern for anyone building a web application. You need to test how secure your web application is from both external and internal threats. The security of your web application should be planned for and verified by qualified security specialists.
Some additional online resources to help you stay up to date on the latest Internet security issues include:
CERT Coordination Center
http://www.cert.org
Computer Security Resource Center
http://csrc.nist.gov
After performing your initial security testing, make sure to also perform ongoing security audits to ensure your web application remains secure over time as people and technology change.
Testing a web application can be a totally overwhelming task. The best advice I can give you is to keep prioritizing and focusing on the most important aspects of your application and don't forget to solicit help from your fellow team members.
By following the steps above coupled with your own expertise and knowledge, you will have a web application you can be proud of and that your users will love. You will also be giving your company the opportunity to deploy a web application that could become a run away success and possibly makes tons of money, saves millions of lives, or slashes customer support costs in half. Even better, because of your awesome web application, you may get profiled on CNN, which causes the killer job offers to start flooding in.
Proper testing is an integral part of creating a positive user experience, which can translate into the ultimate success of your web application. Even if your web application doesn't get featured on CNN, CNBC, or Fox News, you can take great satisfaction in knowing how you and your team's diligent testing efforts made all the difference in your successful deployment.
Friday, May 27, 2011
Tuesday, May 24, 2011
Accuracy of Quality Assurance
Accuracy of Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance and Control: Why Accuracy is Vital
Competition is intense in today’s business and industrial arenas. When products and services vie heavily for market shares, the ability to deliver quality products that stand up to their promises is often a determining factor when a customer chooses a vendor. The accuracy of that vendor’s quality assurance process is key to gaining or expanding footholds in market shares.
Definition
Quality Assurance (QA) can be defined as “the inspection and testing process a business conducts to verify manufacturing, assembly, or performance standards for a product or service in accordance with business, local, industry, or government guidelines.”
Quality Control (QC) often goes hand-in-hand with Quality Assurance. QC can be defined as “Steps, checks, and balances to detect, repair, and improve upon errors or defects in a manufactured product or a service.”
A QC/QA inspection process can be as simple as checking a document for typographical, grammatical, or punctuation errors. It can be as complex as disassembling a large-capacity airliner and inspecting every part then reassembling it, testing performance as each step is completed.
Typical QC/QA Process Steps
The most popular Quality Assurance process is called the Shewart Cycle, developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming. The cycle outlines a process untailored to specific businesses or industries.
Commonly abbreviated as PDCA, the Shewart Cycle comprises four steps:
1. Plan. Outline specific and detailed inspection steps and expected results. Explain corrective actions at each step, should a product or service fail to pass inspection. Include the percentage of each product category to undergo Quality Assurance testing.
2. Do. Initiate and complete each action step within the QualityAssurance process.
3. Check. Using prequalified standards, monitor, test, and compare products for known quality points and potential defects or shortcomings.
4. Act. Adjust product generation processes to improve and correct products to meet or exceed expectations or requirements.
Above all, test and retest often.
The Shewart Cycle versus ISO 9000
PDCA is a process to ensure accuracy in quality assurance and is conducted within the business structure. ISO 9000 is an international standard that ensures a company’s Quality Assurance plans and procedures are in place and effective.
Quality Often Lies in the Details
Focusing on details will enable thorough and accurate quality assurance processes. QC/QA in a manufacturing process could easily include not only the final product but the raw materials used in creating a product.
· Is the ordered materiel of the correct chemical composition? Is the steel strong, dense, etc., enough? Is the liquid too acidic, sweet, watery, etc.?
· Is the board precisely the correct length or it is slightly off the required dimension? Is the glass too thick? Too thin, etc.? Is it strong enough or thin enough? Is it made from the right wood?
· Is the color or shade correct? Is it of the correct dye lot?
· Is that bolt under the sealed covering torqued to specifications? Is it too tight or too loose? Is it the right type, length, or width? Is it the color specified or does it matter?
· Is the switch high enough or low enough? Is it rheostat control or levered?
Details Beyond Construction
Accurate Quality Control and Quality Assurance processes offer more to businesses and manufactures than product quality. QC and QA procedures test product generation efficiency and cost analysis data, as well.
· Can efficiency of manufacturing of Widget X increase if the business moves the tooling machinery? How quickly will the move pay for itself?
· Can less costly materials be used and still maintain quality standards? Is materiel the cost cutting tool or is the vendor?
· Can Shipping and/or Receiving Departments’ procedural changes assist in Quality Assurance improvements?
· What faster manufacturing process exists?
· Will better lighting help?
· Will additional personnel be worthwhile?
· Will fewer personnel be worthwhile?
· Would more automation improve product quality?
· Are employees encouraged to forward ideas for QA improvement? Are they rewarded or recognized for it?
Costs of Inaccuracy
Inattentive inspections or overlooked processes can cause product errors and faults, slow downs or stoppage of the manufacturing process, and even cause injury. Quality products are not available; sales decline, and the business finds itself unable to maintain its workforce or its market share.
Product Liability
When a product fails, breaks, or injures someone, a lawyer is second on the call list, right after an ambulance or vendor. When potential injury is catastrophic, civil damages can total in the millions of dollars. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA) could site the using organization, which in turn might sue the vendor. No business can afford repeated and repeatedly large cash outlays, simply because they failed to ensure availability or accuracy in QA processes. Costs are considerably lower to develop, maintain, and improve quality than they could be due to the lack of quality.
Long-Term Impact
Slipshod Quality Control and Quality Assurance processes that do not detect degrading quality or performance will heavily impact any business’ bottom line. Customers will cancel orders, possibly return products already sold, because no one likes sub-par quality, regardless of the amount paid for it. When products stay on the shelves, no business can survive.
But the opposite can be true, as well. High quality products or services that meet or exceed customers’ needs and expectations can sell for higher prices and more steadily than products of lesser quality can. Ensuring high benchmarks are the Quality Control and Quality Assurances goals and gold standards.
Summary
A huge market may await a business’ product or service, but unless the business can deliver a product that meets or exceeds customers’ expectations in a safe, timely, and effective manner, others claim that market share, and the business is left behind.
Assuring quality of products and services is paramount, and maintaining accuracy and consistency of those standards is vital to keeping or expanding customer bases.
Quality Assurance and Control: Why Accuracy is Vital
Competition is intense in today’s business and industrial arenas. When products and services vie heavily for market shares, the ability to deliver quality products that stand up to their promises is often a determining factor when a customer chooses a vendor. The accuracy of that vendor’s quality assurance process is key to gaining or expanding footholds in market shares.
Definition
Quality Assurance (QA) can be defined as “the inspection and testing process a business conducts to verify manufacturing, assembly, or performance standards for a product or service in accordance with business, local, industry, or government guidelines.”
Quality Control (QC) often goes hand-in-hand with Quality Assurance. QC can be defined as “Steps, checks, and balances to detect, repair, and improve upon errors or defects in a manufactured product or a service.”
A QC/QA inspection process can be as simple as checking a document for typographical, grammatical, or punctuation errors. It can be as complex as disassembling a large-capacity airliner and inspecting every part then reassembling it, testing performance as each step is completed.
Typical QC/QA Process Steps
The most popular Quality Assurance process is called the Shewart Cycle, developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming. The cycle outlines a process untailored to specific businesses or industries.
Commonly abbreviated as PDCA, the Shewart Cycle comprises four steps:
1. Plan. Outline specific and detailed inspection steps and expected results. Explain corrective actions at each step, should a product or service fail to pass inspection. Include the percentage of each product category to undergo Quality Assurance testing.
2. Do. Initiate and complete each action step within the QualityAssurance process.
3. Check. Using prequalified standards, monitor, test, and compare products for known quality points and potential defects or shortcomings.
4. Act. Adjust product generation processes to improve and correct products to meet or exceed expectations or requirements.
Above all, test and retest often.
The Shewart Cycle versus ISO 9000
PDCA is a process to ensure accuracy in quality assurance and is conducted within the business structure. ISO 9000 is an international standard that ensures a company’s Quality Assurance plans and procedures are in place and effective.
Quality Often Lies in the Details
Focusing on details will enable thorough and accurate quality assurance processes. QC/QA in a manufacturing process could easily include not only the final product but the raw materials used in creating a product.
· Is the ordered materiel of the correct chemical composition? Is the steel strong, dense, etc., enough? Is the liquid too acidic, sweet, watery, etc.?
· Is the board precisely the correct length or it is slightly off the required dimension? Is the glass too thick? Too thin, etc.? Is it strong enough or thin enough? Is it made from the right wood?
· Is the color or shade correct? Is it of the correct dye lot?
· Is that bolt under the sealed covering torqued to specifications? Is it too tight or too loose? Is it the right type, length, or width? Is it the color specified or does it matter?
· Is the switch high enough or low enough? Is it rheostat control or levered?
Details Beyond Construction
Accurate Quality Control and Quality Assurance processes offer more to businesses and manufactures than product quality. QC and QA procedures test product generation efficiency and cost analysis data, as well.
· Can efficiency of manufacturing of Widget X increase if the business moves the tooling machinery? How quickly will the move pay for itself?
· Can less costly materials be used and still maintain quality standards? Is materiel the cost cutting tool or is the vendor?
· Can Shipping and/or Receiving Departments’ procedural changes assist in Quality Assurance improvements?
· What faster manufacturing process exists?
· Will better lighting help?
· Will additional personnel be worthwhile?
· Will fewer personnel be worthwhile?
· Would more automation improve product quality?
· Are employees encouraged to forward ideas for QA improvement? Are they rewarded or recognized for it?
Costs of Inaccuracy
Inattentive inspections or overlooked processes can cause product errors and faults, slow downs or stoppage of the manufacturing process, and even cause injury. Quality products are not available; sales decline, and the business finds itself unable to maintain its workforce or its market share.
Product Liability
When a product fails, breaks, or injures someone, a lawyer is second on the call list, right after an ambulance or vendor. When potential injury is catastrophic, civil damages can total in the millions of dollars. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA) could site the using organization, which in turn might sue the vendor. No business can afford repeated and repeatedly large cash outlays, simply because they failed to ensure availability or accuracy in QA processes. Costs are considerably lower to develop, maintain, and improve quality than they could be due to the lack of quality.
Long-Term Impact
Slipshod Quality Control and Quality Assurance processes that do not detect degrading quality or performance will heavily impact any business’ bottom line. Customers will cancel orders, possibly return products already sold, because no one likes sub-par quality, regardless of the amount paid for it. When products stay on the shelves, no business can survive.
But the opposite can be true, as well. High quality products or services that meet or exceed customers’ needs and expectations can sell for higher prices and more steadily than products of lesser quality can. Ensuring high benchmarks are the Quality Control and Quality Assurances goals and gold standards.
Summary
A huge market may await a business’ product or service, but unless the business can deliver a product that meets or exceeds customers’ expectations in a safe, timely, and effective manner, others claim that market share, and the business is left behind.
Assuring quality of products and services is paramount, and maintaining accuracy and consistency of those standards is vital to keeping or expanding customer bases.
Monday, May 9, 2011
Functional & Non-Functional Testing
Functional Testing: Testing the application against business requirements. Functional testing is done using the functional specifications provided by the client or by using the design specifications like use cases provided by the design team.
Functional Testing covers:
* Unit Testing
* Smoke testing / Sanity testing
* Integration Testing (Top Down,Bottom up Testing)
* Interface & Usability Testing
* System Testing
* Regression Testing
* Pre User Acceptance Testing(Alpha & Beta)
* User Acceptance Testing
* White Box & Black Box Testing
* Globalization & LocalizationTesting
Non-Functional Testing: Testing the application against client's and performance requirement. Non-Functioning testing is done based on the requirements and test scenarios defined by the client.
Non-Functional Testing covers:
* Load and Performance Testing
* Ergonomics Testing
* Stress & Volume Testing
* Compatibility & Migration Testing
* Data Conversion Testing
* Security / Penetration Testing
* Operational Readiness Testing
* Installation Testing
* Security Testing (ApplicationSecurity, Network Security, System Security)
Functional Testing covers:
* Unit Testing
* Smoke testing / Sanity testing
* Integration Testing (Top Down,Bottom up Testing)
* Interface & Usability Testing
* System Testing
* Regression Testing
* Pre User Acceptance Testing(Alpha & Beta)
* User Acceptance Testing
* White Box & Black Box Testing
* Globalization & LocalizationTesting
Non-Functional Testing: Testing the application against client's and performance requirement. Non-Functioning testing is done based on the requirements and test scenarios defined by the client.
Non-Functional Testing covers:
* Load and Performance Testing
* Ergonomics Testing
* Stress & Volume Testing
* Compatibility & Migration Testing
* Data Conversion Testing
* Security / Penetration Testing
* Operational Readiness Testing
* Installation Testing
* Security Testing (ApplicationSecurity, Network Security, System Security)
Sunday, May 1, 2011
What is the difference between severity and priority?
Severity Value : S1 : Catastrophic Blocking :
The use case cannot be completed with any level of workaround. Problem causes data loss, corruption, or distortion. There is defective program functionality with no workaround. A system or product crash or fatal error occurs. Program produces an incorrect result, particularly when the result could cause an incorrect business decision to be made. Problem causes inability to use the product further. Problem results in considerable performance degradation, (i.e., 3+ times longer than requirement). The error will definitely cause a customer support call. A severity 1 bug would prevent the product from being released.
Severity Value : S2 :Serious (Critical/Major) :
The failure is severe and can be avoided with some level of workaround. There must be some means of completing the use case, however,the workaround is undesirable.. Program does not function according to product or design specifications. Product produces data or results that are misleading to the user. Problem results in performance degradation that is less than required (i.e., takes twice as long). There is a serious inconsistency or inconvenience. Problem is likely to cause a customer support call.
Severity Value : S3 : Normal
Soft failure, the main flow of the use case works but there are behavioral or data problems. Performance may be less then desired.Problem is a of less intensity or typographical issue. There is a minor functional problem with a reasonably satisfactory workaround. Problem is a minor inconvenience. Problem is a non-intuitive or clumsy function. Problem is not likely to cause a customer support call. A defect that causes the failure of non-critical aspects of the system. . The product may be released if the defect is documented but the existence of the defect may cause customer dissatisfaction.
Severity Value : S4 : Small (Minor) :
There is no failure, the use case completes as designed. Fix would slightly improve the use case behavior or performance. A minor condition or documentation error that has no significant effect on the Customer's operations. Also: Additional requests for new features and suggestions, which are defined as new functionality in existing License Software.Generally, the product could be released and most customers would be unaware of the defect's existence of only slightly dissatisfied.Such defects do not affect the release of the product.
Priority Value : P1 :
FIX the bug ASAP
Priority Value : P2 :
Bug can be fixed before current itteration/minor release.
Priority Value : P3 :
The bug is very minor. A fix for this defect is not expected during the current itteration/minor release.
Priority Value : P4 :
This defect does not need to be addressed in the current final release.
Type Of Defect :
High Severity & Low Priority (S1/S2 & P4) :
1) An application which generates some banking related reports weekly, monthly, quarterly & yearly by doing some calculations. If there is a fault while calculating yearly report. This is a high severity fault but low priority [Exception : If this defect is discovered during last week of the year] because this fault can be fixed in the next release as a change request.2) An inability to access a rarely used menu option may be of low priority to the business, but the severity is high as a series of tests cannot be executed, all dependent on access to the option.
High Severity & High Priority (S1/S2 & P1) :
1) If there is a fault while calculating weekly report. This is a high severity and high priority fault because this fault will block the functionality of the application immediately within a week. It should be fixed urgently.
Low Severity & High Priority(S4 & P1):
1) If there is a spelling mistake or content issue on the homepage of a website which has daily hits of lakhs. In this case, though this fault is not affecting the website or other functionalities but considering the status and popularity of the website in the competitive market it is a high priority fault.
2) A spelling mistake would be deemed as a low severity by the tester, but if this mistake occurs in the company name or address, this would be classed as high priority by the business.
Low Severity & Low Priority(S4 & P4) :
1) If there is a spelling mistake on the pages which has very less hits throughout the month on any website. This fault can be considered as low severity and low priori
Severity Priority
In simple words, severity depends on the harshness of the bug. In simple words, priority depends on the urgency with which the bug needs to be fixed.
It is an internal characteristic of the particular bug. Examples of High severity bugs include the application fails to start, the application crashes or causes data loss to the user. It is an external (that is based on someone's judgment) characteristic of the bug.
Examples of high priority bugs are the application does not allow any user to log in, a particular functionality is not working or the client logo is incorrect. As you can see in the above example, a high priority bug can have a high severity, a medium severity or a low severity.
Its value is based more on the needs of the end-users. Its value is based more on the needs of the business.
Its value takes only the particular bug into account. For example, the bug may be in an obscure area of the application but still have a high severity. Its value depends on a number of factors (e.g. the likelihood of the bug occurring, the severity of the bug and the priorities of other open bugs).
Its value is (usually) set by the bug reporter. Its value is initially set up by the bug reporter. However, the value can be changed by someone else (e.g. the management or developer) based on their discretion.
Its value is objective and therefore less likely to change. Its value is subjective (based on judgment). The value can change over a period of time depending on the change in the project situation.
A high severity bug may be marked for a fix immediately or later. A high priority bug is marked for a fix immediately.
The team usually needs only a handful of values (e.g. Showstopper, High, Medium and Low) to specify severity. In practice, new values may be designed (typically by the management) on a fairly constant basis. This may happen if there are too many high priority defects. Instead of a single High value, new values may be designed such as Fix by the end of the day, Fix in next build and Fix in the next release.
I hope that you are now clear about the difference between severity and priority and can explain the difference to anyone with ease.
The use case cannot be completed with any level of workaround. Problem causes data loss, corruption, or distortion. There is defective program functionality with no workaround. A system or product crash or fatal error occurs. Program produces an incorrect result, particularly when the result could cause an incorrect business decision to be made. Problem causes inability to use the product further. Problem results in considerable performance degradation, (i.e., 3+ times longer than requirement). The error will definitely cause a customer support call. A severity 1 bug would prevent the product from being released.
Severity Value : S2 :Serious (Critical/Major) :
The failure is severe and can be avoided with some level of workaround. There must be some means of completing the use case, however,the workaround is undesirable.. Program does not function according to product or design specifications. Product produces data or results that are misleading to the user. Problem results in performance degradation that is less than required (i.e., takes twice as long). There is a serious inconsistency or inconvenience. Problem is likely to cause a customer support call.
Severity Value : S3 : Normal
Soft failure, the main flow of the use case works but there are behavioral or data problems. Performance may be less then desired.Problem is a of less intensity or typographical issue. There is a minor functional problem with a reasonably satisfactory workaround. Problem is a minor inconvenience. Problem is a non-intuitive or clumsy function. Problem is not likely to cause a customer support call. A defect that causes the failure of non-critical aspects of the system. . The product may be released if the defect is documented but the existence of the defect may cause customer dissatisfaction.
Severity Value : S4 : Small (Minor) :
There is no failure, the use case completes as designed. Fix would slightly improve the use case behavior or performance. A minor condition or documentation error that has no significant effect on the Customer's operations. Also: Additional requests for new features and suggestions, which are defined as new functionality in existing License Software.Generally, the product could be released and most customers would be unaware of the defect's existence of only slightly dissatisfied.Such defects do not affect the release of the product.
Priority Value : P1 :
FIX the bug ASAP
Priority Value : P2 :
Bug can be fixed before current itteration/minor release.
Priority Value : P3 :
The bug is very minor. A fix for this defect is not expected during the current itteration/minor release.
Priority Value : P4 :
This defect does not need to be addressed in the current final release.
Type Of Defect :
High Severity & Low Priority (S1/S2 & P4) :
1) An application which generates some banking related reports weekly, monthly, quarterly & yearly by doing some calculations. If there is a fault while calculating yearly report. This is a high severity fault but low priority [Exception : If this defect is discovered during last week of the year] because this fault can be fixed in the next release as a change request.2) An inability to access a rarely used menu option may be of low priority to the business, but the severity is high as a series of tests cannot be executed, all dependent on access to the option.
High Severity & High Priority (S1/S2 & P1) :
1) If there is a fault while calculating weekly report. This is a high severity and high priority fault because this fault will block the functionality of the application immediately within a week. It should be fixed urgently.
Low Severity & High Priority(S4 & P1):
1) If there is a spelling mistake or content issue on the homepage of a website which has daily hits of lakhs. In this case, though this fault is not affecting the website or other functionalities but considering the status and popularity of the website in the competitive market it is a high priority fault.
2) A spelling mistake would be deemed as a low severity by the tester, but if this mistake occurs in the company name or address, this would be classed as high priority by the business.
Low Severity & Low Priority(S4 & P4) :
1) If there is a spelling mistake on the pages which has very less hits throughout the month on any website. This fault can be considered as low severity and low priori
Severity Priority
In simple words, severity depends on the harshness of the bug. In simple words, priority depends on the urgency with which the bug needs to be fixed.
It is an internal characteristic of the particular bug. Examples of High severity bugs include the application fails to start, the application crashes or causes data loss to the user. It is an external (that is based on someone's judgment) characteristic of the bug.
Examples of high priority bugs are the application does not allow any user to log in, a particular functionality is not working or the client logo is incorrect. As you can see in the above example, a high priority bug can have a high severity, a medium severity or a low severity.
Its value is based more on the needs of the end-users. Its value is based more on the needs of the business.
Its value takes only the particular bug into account. For example, the bug may be in an obscure area of the application but still have a high severity. Its value depends on a number of factors (e.g. the likelihood of the bug occurring, the severity of the bug and the priorities of other open bugs).
Its value is (usually) set by the bug reporter. Its value is initially set up by the bug reporter. However, the value can be changed by someone else (e.g. the management or developer) based on their discretion.
Its value is objective and therefore less likely to change. Its value is subjective (based on judgment). The value can change over a period of time depending on the change in the project situation.
A high severity bug may be marked for a fix immediately or later. A high priority bug is marked for a fix immediately.
The team usually needs only a handful of values (e.g. Showstopper, High, Medium and Low) to specify severity. In practice, new values may be designed (typically by the management) on a fairly constant basis. This may happen if there are too many high priority defects. Instead of a single High value, new values may be designed such as Fix by the end of the day, Fix in next build and Fix in the next release.
I hope that you are now clear about the difference between severity and priority and can explain the difference to anyone with ease.
Test Strategy & Test Plan
Test Strategy
A Test Strategy document is a high level document and normally developed by project manager. This document defines “Testing Approach” to achieve testing objectives. The Test Strategy is normally derived from the Business Requirement Specification document.
The Test Stategy document is a static document meaning that it is not updated too often. It sets the standards for testing processes and activities and other documents such as the Test Plan draws its contents from those standards set in the Test Strategy Document.
Some companies include the “Test Approach” or “Strategy” inside the Test Plan, which is fine and it is usually the case for small projects. However, for larger projects, there is one Test Strategy document and different number of Test Plans for each phase or level of testing.
Components of the Test Strategy document
* Scope and Objectives
* Business issues
* Roles and responsibilities
* Communication and status reporting
* Test deliverability
* Industry standards to follow
* Test automation and tools
* Testing measurements and metrices
* Risks and mitigation
* Defect reporting and tracking
* Change and configuration management
* Training plan
Test Plan
The Test Plan document on the other hand, is derived from the Product Description, Software Requirement Specification SRS, or Use Case Documents.
The Test Plan document is usually prepared by the Test Lead or Test Manager and the focus of the document is to describe what to test, how to test, when to test and who will do what test.
It is not uncommon to have one Master Test Plan which is a common document for the test phases and each test phase have their own Test Plan documents.
There is much debate, as to whether the Test Plan document should also be a static document like the Test Strategy document mentioned above or should it be updated every often to reflect changes according to the direction of the project and activities.
My own personal view is that when a testing phase starts and the Test Manager is “controlling” the activities, the test plan should be updated to reflect any deviation from the original plan. After all, Planning and Control are continuous activities in the formal test process.
* Test Plan id
* Introduction
* Test items
* Features to be tested
* Features not to be tested
* Test techniques
* Testing tasks
* Suspension criteria
* Features pass or fail criteria
* Test environment (Entry criteria, Exit criteria)
* Test delivarables
* Staff and training needs
* Responsibilities
* Schedule
This is a standard approach to prepare test plan and test strategy documents, but things can vary company-to-compan
A Test Strategy document is a high level document and normally developed by project manager. This document defines “Testing Approach” to achieve testing objectives. The Test Strategy is normally derived from the Business Requirement Specification document.
The Test Stategy document is a static document meaning that it is not updated too often. It sets the standards for testing processes and activities and other documents such as the Test Plan draws its contents from those standards set in the Test Strategy Document.
Some companies include the “Test Approach” or “Strategy” inside the Test Plan, which is fine and it is usually the case for small projects. However, for larger projects, there is one Test Strategy document and different number of Test Plans for each phase or level of testing.
Components of the Test Strategy document
* Scope and Objectives
* Business issues
* Roles and responsibilities
* Communication and status reporting
* Test deliverability
* Industry standards to follow
* Test automation and tools
* Testing measurements and metrices
* Risks and mitigation
* Defect reporting and tracking
* Change and configuration management
* Training plan
Test Plan
The Test Plan document on the other hand, is derived from the Product Description, Software Requirement Specification SRS, or Use Case Documents.
The Test Plan document is usually prepared by the Test Lead or Test Manager and the focus of the document is to describe what to test, how to test, when to test and who will do what test.
It is not uncommon to have one Master Test Plan which is a common document for the test phases and each test phase have their own Test Plan documents.
There is much debate, as to whether the Test Plan document should also be a static document like the Test Strategy document mentioned above or should it be updated every often to reflect changes according to the direction of the project and activities.
My own personal view is that when a testing phase starts and the Test Manager is “controlling” the activities, the test plan should be updated to reflect any deviation from the original plan. After all, Planning and Control are continuous activities in the formal test process.
* Test Plan id
* Introduction
* Test items
* Features to be tested
* Features not to be tested
* Test techniques
* Testing tasks
* Suspension criteria
* Features pass or fail criteria
* Test environment (Entry criteria, Exit criteria)
* Test delivarables
* Staff and training needs
* Responsibilities
* Schedule
This is a standard approach to prepare test plan and test strategy documents, but things can vary company-to-compan
Thursday, April 28, 2011
SQ and Testing Life Cycle specified by IEEE and ISO standards:
Review of the software requirement specifications
Objectives is set for the Major releases
Target Date planned for the Releases
Detailed Project Plan is build. This includes the decision on Design Specifications
Develop Test Plan based on Design Specifications
Test Plan : This includes Objectives, Methodology adopted while testing, Features to
be tested and not to be tested, risk criteria, testing schedule, multi-
platform support and the resource allocation for testing.
Test Specifications
This document includes technical details ( Software requirements )
required prior to the testing.
Writing of Test Cases
Smoke(BVT) test cases
Sanity Test cases
Regression Test Cases
Negative Test Cases
Extended Test Cases
Development – Modules developed one by one
Installers Binding: Installers are build around the individual product.
Build procedure :
A build includes Installers of the available products – multiple platforms.
Testing
Smoke Test (BVT) Basic application test to take decision on further testing
Testing of new features
Cross-platform testing
Stress testing and memory leakage testing.
Bug Reporting
Bug report is created
Development – Code freezing
No more new features are added at this point.
Testing
Builds and regression testing.
Decision to release the product
Post-release Scenario for further objectives.
Objectives is set for the Major releases
Target Date planned for the Releases
Detailed Project Plan is build. This includes the decision on Design Specifications
Develop Test Plan based on Design Specifications
Test Plan : This includes Objectives, Methodology adopted while testing, Features to
be tested and not to be tested, risk criteria, testing schedule, multi-
platform support and the resource allocation for testing.
Test Specifications
This document includes technical details ( Software requirements )
required prior to the testing.
Writing of Test Cases
Smoke(BVT) test cases
Sanity Test cases
Regression Test Cases
Negative Test Cases
Extended Test Cases
Development – Modules developed one by one
Installers Binding: Installers are build around the individual product.
Build procedure :
A build includes Installers of the available products – multiple platforms.
Testing
Smoke Test (BVT) Basic application test to take decision on further testing
Testing of new features
Cross-platform testing
Stress testing and memory leakage testing.
Bug Reporting
Bug report is created
Development – Code freezing
No more new features are added at this point.
Testing
Builds and regression testing.
Decision to release the product
Post-release Scenario for further objectives.
Wednesday, March 30, 2011
A good database test plan
1. Database testing can get complex. It may be worth your while if you create a separate test plan specifically for database testing.
2. Look for database related requirements in your requirements documentation. You should specifically look for requirements related to data migration or database performance. A good source for eliciting database requirements is the database design documents.
3. You should plan for testing both the schema and the data.
4. Limit the scope of your database test. Your obvious focus should be on the important test items from a business point of view. For example, if your application is of a financial nature, data accuracy may be critical. If you application is a heavily used web application, the speed and concurrency of database transactions may be very important.
5. Your test environment should include a copy of the database. You may want to design your tests with a test database of small size. However, you should execute your tests on a test database of realistic size and complexity. Further, changes to the test database should be controlled.
6. The team members designing the database tests should be familiar with SQL and database tools specific to your database technology.
7. I find it productive to jot down the main points to cover in the test plan first. Then, I write the test plan. While writing it, if I remember any point that I would like to cover in the test plan, I just add it to my list. Once I cover all the points in the list, I review the test plan section by section. Then, I review the test plan as a whole and submit it for review to others. Others may come back with comments that I then address in the test plan.
8. It is useful to begin with the common sections of the test plan. However, the test plan should be totally customized for its readers and users. Include and exclude information as appropriate. For example, if your defect management process never changes from project to project, you may want to leave it out of the test plan. If you think that query coding standards are applicable to your project, you may want to include it in the test plan (either in the main plan or as an annexure).
Now, let us create a sample database test plan. Realize that it is only a sample. Do not use it as it is. Add or remove sections as appropriate to your project, company or client. Enter as much detail as you think valuable but no more.
For the purpose of our sample, we will choose a database supporting a POS (point of sale) application. We will call our database MyItemsPriceDatabase.
Introduction
This is the test plan for testing the MyItemsPriceDatabase. MyItemsPriceDatabase is used in our POS application to provide the current prices of the items. There are other databases used by our application e.g. inventory database but these other databases are out of scope of this test.
The purpose of this test plan is to:
1. Outline the overall test approach
2. Identify the activities required in our database test
3. Define deliverables
Scope
We have identified that the following items are critical to the success of the MyItemsPriceDatabase:
1. The accuracy of uploaded price information (for accuracy of financial calculations)
2. Its speed (in order to provide quick checkouts)
3. Small size (given the restricted local hard disk space on the POS workstation)
Due to limitation of time, we will not test the pricing reports run on the database. Further, since it is a single-user database, we will not test database security.
Test Approach
1. Price upload test
Price upload tests will focus on the accuracy with which the new prices are updated in the database. Tests will be designed to compare all prices in the incoming XML with the final prices stored in the database. Only the new prices should change in the database after the upload process. The tests will also measure the time per single price update and compare it with the last benchmark.
2. Speed test
After analyzing the data provided to us from the field, we have identified the following n queries that are used most of the time. We will run the queries individually (10 times each) and compare their mean execution times with the last benchmark. Further, we will also run all the queries concurrently (in sets of 2 and 3 (based on the maximum number of concurrent checkouts)) to find out any locking issues.
3. Size test
Using SQL queries, we will review the application queries and find out the following:
a. Items which are never used (e.g. tables, views, queries (stored procedures, in-line queries and dynamic queries))
b. Duplicate data in any table
c. Excessive field width in any table
Test Environment
The xyz tool will be used to design and execute all database tests. The tests will be executed on the local tester workstations (p no.s in all).
Test Activities and Schedule
1. Review requirements xx/xx/xxxx (start) and xx/xx/xxxx (end)
2. Develop test queries
3. Review test queries
4. Execute size test
5. Execute price upload test
6. Execute speed test
7. Report test results (daily)
8. Submit bug reports and re-test (as required)
9. Submit final test report
Responsibilities
1. Test lead: Responsible for creating this test plan, work assignment and review, review of test queries, review and compile test results and review bug reports
2. Tester: Responsible for reviewing requirements, developing and testing test queries, execute tests, prepare individual test results, submit bug reports and re-test
Deliverables
The testers will produce the following deliverables:
1. Test queries
2. Test results (describing the tests run, run time and pass/ fail for each test)
3. Bug reports
Risks
The risks to the successful implementation to this test plan and their mitigation is as under:
1.
2.
3.
Approval
Name Role Signature Date
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
2. Look for database related requirements in your requirements documentation. You should specifically look for requirements related to data migration or database performance. A good source for eliciting database requirements is the database design documents.
3. You should plan for testing both the schema and the data.
4. Limit the scope of your database test. Your obvious focus should be on the important test items from a business point of view. For example, if your application is of a financial nature, data accuracy may be critical. If you application is a heavily used web application, the speed and concurrency of database transactions may be very important.
5. Your test environment should include a copy of the database. You may want to design your tests with a test database of small size. However, you should execute your tests on a test database of realistic size and complexity. Further, changes to the test database should be controlled.
6. The team members designing the database tests should be familiar with SQL and database tools specific to your database technology.
7. I find it productive to jot down the main points to cover in the test plan first. Then, I write the test plan. While writing it, if I remember any point that I would like to cover in the test plan, I just add it to my list. Once I cover all the points in the list, I review the test plan section by section. Then, I review the test plan as a whole and submit it for review to others. Others may come back with comments that I then address in the test plan.
8. It is useful to begin with the common sections of the test plan. However, the test plan should be totally customized for its readers and users. Include and exclude information as appropriate. For example, if your defect management process never changes from project to project, you may want to leave it out of the test plan. If you think that query coding standards are applicable to your project, you may want to include it in the test plan (either in the main plan or as an annexure).
Now, let us create a sample database test plan. Realize that it is only a sample. Do not use it as it is. Add or remove sections as appropriate to your project, company or client. Enter as much detail as you think valuable but no more.
For the purpose of our sample, we will choose a database supporting a POS (point of sale) application. We will call our database MyItemsPriceDatabase.
Introduction
This is the test plan for testing the MyItemsPriceDatabase. MyItemsPriceDatabase is used in our POS application to provide the current prices of the items. There are other databases used by our application e.g. inventory database but these other databases are out of scope of this test.
The purpose of this test plan is to:
1. Outline the overall test approach
2. Identify the activities required in our database test
3. Define deliverables
Scope
We have identified that the following items are critical to the success of the MyItemsPriceDatabase:
1. The accuracy of uploaded price information (for accuracy of financial calculations)
2. Its speed (in order to provide quick checkouts)
3. Small size (given the restricted local hard disk space on the POS workstation)
Due to limitation of time, we will not test the pricing reports run on the database. Further, since it is a single-user database, we will not test database security.
Test Approach
1. Price upload test
Price upload tests will focus on the accuracy with which the new prices are updated in the database. Tests will be designed to compare all prices in the incoming XML with the final prices stored in the database. Only the new prices should change in the database after the upload process. The tests will also measure the time per single price update and compare it with the last benchmark.
2. Speed test
After analyzing the data provided to us from the field, we have identified the following n queries that are used most of the time. We will run the queries individually (10 times each) and compare their mean execution times with the last benchmark. Further, we will also run all the queries concurrently (in sets of 2 and 3 (based on the maximum number of concurrent checkouts)) to find out any locking issues.
3. Size test
Using SQL queries, we will review the application queries and find out the following:
a. Items which are never used (e.g. tables, views, queries (stored procedures, in-line queries and dynamic queries))
b. Duplicate data in any table
c. Excessive field width in any table
Test Environment
The xyz tool will be used to design and execute all database tests. The tests will be executed on the local tester workstations (p no.s in all).
Test Activities and Schedule
1. Review requirements xx/xx/xxxx (start) and xx/xx/xxxx (end)
2. Develop test queries
3. Review test queries
4. Execute size test
5. Execute price upload test
6. Execute speed test
7. Report test results (daily)
8. Submit bug reports and re-test (as required)
9. Submit final test report
Responsibilities
1. Test lead: Responsible for creating this test plan, work assignment and review, review of test queries, review and compile test results and review bug reports
2. Tester: Responsible for reviewing requirements, developing and testing test queries, execute tests, prepare individual test results, submit bug reports and re-test
Deliverables
The testers will produce the following deliverables:
1. Test queries
2. Test results (describing the tests run, run time and pass/ fail for each test)
3. Bug reports
Risks
The risks to the successful implementation to this test plan and their mitigation is as under:
1.
2.
3.
Approval
Name Role Signature Date
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
Database migration testing
Database migration testing is needed when you move data from the old database(s) to a new database. The old database is called the legacy database or the source database and the new database is called the target database or the destination database. Database migration may be done manually but it is more common to use an automated ETL (Extract-Transform-Load) process to move the data. In addition to mapping the old data structure to the new one, the ETL tool may incorporate certain business-rules to increase the quality of data moved to the target database.
Now, the question arises regarding the scope of your database migration testing. Here are the things that you may want to test.
1. All the live (not expired) entities e.g. customer records, order records are loaded into the target database. Each entity should be loaded just once i.e. there should not be a duplication of entities.
2. Every attribute (present in the source database) of every entity (present in the source database) is loaded into the target database.
3. All data related to a particular entity is loaded in each relevant table in the target database.
4. Each required business rule is implemented correctly in the ETL tool.
5. The data migration process performs reasonably fast and without any major bottleneck.
Next, let us see the challenges that you may face in database migration testing.
1. The data in the source database(s) changes during the test.
2. Some source data is corrupt.
3. The mappings between the tables/ fields of the source databases(s) and target database are changed by the database development/ migration team.
4. A part of the data is rejected by the target database.
5. Due to the slow database migration process or the large size of the source data, it takes a long time for the data to be migrated.
The test approach for database migration testing consists of the following activities:
I. Design the validation tests
In order to test database migration, you need to use SQL queries (created either by hand or using a tool e.g. a query creator). You need to create the validation queries to run against both the source as well as the target databases. Your validation queries should cover the scope defined by you. It is common to arrange the validation queries in a hierarchy e.g. you want to test if all the Orders records have migrated before you test for all OrderDetails records. Put logging statements within your queries for the purpose of effective analysis and bug reporting later.
II. Set up the test environment
The test environment should contain a copy of the source database, the ETL tool (if applicable) and a clean copy of the target database. You should isolate the test environment so that it does not change externally.
III. Run your validation tests
Depending on your test design, you need not wait for the database migration process to finish before you start your tests.
IV. Report the bugs
You should report the following data for each failed test:
a. Name of the entity that failed the test
b. Number of rows or columns that failed the test
c. If applicable, the database error details (error number and error description)
d. Validation query
d. User account under which you run your validation test
e. Date and time the test was run
Keep the tips below in mind to refine your test approach:
1. You should take a backup of the current copies of the source and target databases. This would help you in case you need to re-start your test. This would also help you in reproducing any bugs.
2. If some source data is corrupt (e.g. unreadable or incomplete), you should find out if the ETL tool takes any action on such data. If so, your validation tests should confirm these actions. The ETL tool should not simply accept the corrupt data as such.
3. If the mappings between the tables/ fields of the source and target databases are changed frequently, you should first test the stable mappings.
4. In order to find out the point of failure quickly, you should create modular validation tests. If your tests are modular, it may be possible for you to execute some of your tests before the data migration process finishes. Running some tests while the data migration process is still running would save you time.
5. If the database migration process is manual, you have to run your validation queries externally. However, if the process uses an ETL tool, you have the choice to integrate your validation queries within the ETL tool.
I hope that you are comfortable with the concept of database migration testing. (whether data is migrated between binary files and an RDBMS or between RDBMSs (Oracle, SQL Server, Informix or Sybase)). According to you, what is the main problem faced while testing database migration? What is a good way to handle this problem?
Now, the question arises regarding the scope of your database migration testing. Here are the things that you may want to test.
1. All the live (not expired) entities e.g. customer records, order records are loaded into the target database. Each entity should be loaded just once i.e. there should not be a duplication of entities.
2. Every attribute (present in the source database) of every entity (present in the source database) is loaded into the target database.
3. All data related to a particular entity is loaded in each relevant table in the target database.
4. Each required business rule is implemented correctly in the ETL tool.
5. The data migration process performs reasonably fast and without any major bottleneck.
Next, let us see the challenges that you may face in database migration testing.
1. The data in the source database(s) changes during the test.
2. Some source data is corrupt.
3. The mappings between the tables/ fields of the source databases(s) and target database are changed by the database development/ migration team.
4. A part of the data is rejected by the target database.
5. Due to the slow database migration process or the large size of the source data, it takes a long time for the data to be migrated.
The test approach for database migration testing consists of the following activities:
I. Design the validation tests
In order to test database migration, you need to use SQL queries (created either by hand or using a tool e.g. a query creator). You need to create the validation queries to run against both the source as well as the target databases. Your validation queries should cover the scope defined by you. It is common to arrange the validation queries in a hierarchy e.g. you want to test if all the Orders records have migrated before you test for all OrderDetails records. Put logging statements within your queries for the purpose of effective analysis and bug reporting later.
II. Set up the test environment
The test environment should contain a copy of the source database, the ETL tool (if applicable) and a clean copy of the target database. You should isolate the test environment so that it does not change externally.
III. Run your validation tests
Depending on your test design, you need not wait for the database migration process to finish before you start your tests.
IV. Report the bugs
You should report the following data for each failed test:
a. Name of the entity that failed the test
b. Number of rows or columns that failed the test
c. If applicable, the database error details (error number and error description)
d. Validation query
d. User account under which you run your validation test
e. Date and time the test was run
Keep the tips below in mind to refine your test approach:
1. You should take a backup of the current copies of the source and target databases. This would help you in case you need to re-start your test. This would also help you in reproducing any bugs.
2. If some source data is corrupt (e.g. unreadable or incomplete), you should find out if the ETL tool takes any action on such data. If so, your validation tests should confirm these actions. The ETL tool should not simply accept the corrupt data as such.
3. If the mappings between the tables/ fields of the source and target databases are changed frequently, you should first test the stable mappings.
4. In order to find out the point of failure quickly, you should create modular validation tests. If your tests are modular, it may be possible for you to execute some of your tests before the data migration process finishes. Running some tests while the data migration process is still running would save you time.
5. If the database migration process is manual, you have to run your validation queries externally. However, if the process uses an ETL tool, you have the choice to integrate your validation queries within the ETL tool.
I hope that you are comfortable with the concept of database migration testing. (whether data is migrated between binary files and an RDBMS or between RDBMSs (Oracle, SQL Server, Informix or Sybase)). According to you, what is the main problem faced while testing database migration? What is a good way to handle this problem?
10 tips to perform serious database tests
Many (but not all) applications under test use one or more databases. The purposes of using a database include long-term storage of data in an accessible and organized form. Many people have only a vague idea about database testing. If you are serious about learning database testing, then read on...
Firstly, we need to understand what is database testing? As you would know, a database has two main parts - the data structures (the schema) that store the data AND the data itself. Let us discuss them one by one.
The data is stored in the database in tables. However, tables may not be the only objects in the database. A database may have other objects like views, stored procedures and functions. These other objects help the users access the data in required forms. The data itself is stored in the tables. Database testing involves finding out the answers to the following questions:
Questions related to database structure
1. Is the data organized well logically?
2. Does the database perform well?
3. Do the database objects like views, triggers, stored procedures, functions and jobs work correctly?
4. Does the database implement constraints to allow only correct data to be stored in it?
5. Is the data secure from unauthorized access?
Questions related to data
1. Is the data complete?
2. Is all data factually correct i.e. in sync with its source, for example the data entered by a user via the application UI?
3. Is there any unnecessary data present?
Now that we understand database testing, it is important to know about the 5 common challenges seen before or during database testing:
1. Large scope of testing
It is important to identify the test items in database testing. Otherwise, you may not have a clear understanding of what you would test and what you would not test. You could run out of time much before finishing the database test.
Once you have the list of test items, you should estimate the effort required to design the tests and execute the tests for each test item. Depending on their design and data size, some database tests may take a long time to execute. Look at the test estimates in light of the available time. If you do not have enough time, you should select only the important test items for your database test.
2. Incorrect/ scaled-down test databases
You may be given a copy of the development database to test. This database may only have little data (the data required to run the application and some sample data to show in the application UI). Testing the development or test or staging databases may not be sufficient. You should also be testing a copy of the production database.
3. Changes in database schema and data
This is a particularly nasty challenge. You may find that after you design a test (or even after you execute a test), the database structure (the schema) has been changed. This means that you should be aware of the changes made to the database during testing. Once the database structure changes, you should analyze the impact of the changes and modify any impacted tests.
Further, if your test database is being used by other users, you would not be sure about your test results. Therefore, you should ensure that the test database is used for testing purpose only.
You may also see this problem if you run multiple tests at the same time. You should run one test at a time at least for the performance tests. You do not want your database performing multiple tasks and under-reporting performance.
4. Messy testing
Database testing may get complex. You do not want to be executing tests partially or repeating tests unnecessarily. You should create a test plan and proceed accordingly while carefully noting your progress.
5. Lack of skills
The lack of the required skills may really slow things down. In order to perform database testing effectively, you should be comfortable with SQL queries and the required database management tools.
Next, let us discuss the approach for database testing. You should keep the scope of your test as well as the challenges in mind while designing your particular test design and test execution approach. Note the following 10 tips:
1. List all database-specific requirements. You should gather the requirements from all sources, particularly technical requirements. It is quite possible that some requirements are at a high level. Break-down those requirements into the small testable requirements.
2. Create test scenarios for each requirement as suggested below.
3. In order to check the logical database design, ensure that each entity in the application e.g. actors, system configuration are represented in the database. An application entity may be represented in one or tables in the database. The database should contain only those tables that are required to represent the application entities and no more.
4. In order to check the database performance, you may focus on its throughput and response times. For example, if the database is supposed to insert 1000 customer records per minute, you may design a query that inserts 1000 customer records and print/ store the time taken to do so. If the database is supposed to execute a stored procedure in under 5 seconds, you may design a query to execute the stored procedure with sample test data multiple times and note each time.
5. If you wish to test the database objects e.g. stored procedures, you should remember that a stored procedure may be thought of as a simple program that (optionally) accepts certain input(s) and produces some output. You should design test data to exercise the stored procedure in interesting ways and predict the output of the stored procedure for every test data set.
6. In order to check database constraints, you should design invalid test data sets and then try to insert/ update them in the database. An example of an invalid data set is an order for a customer that does not exist. Another example is a customer test data set with an invalid ZIP code.
7. In order to check the database security, you should design tests that mimic unauthorized access. For example, log in to the database as a user with restricted access and check if you can view/ modify/ delete restricted database objects or view or view and update restricted data. It is important to backup your database before executing any database security tests. Otherwise, you may render your database unusable.
You should also check to see that any confidential data in the database e.g. credit card numbers is either encrypted or obfuscated (masked).
8. In order to test data integrity, you should design valid test data sets for each application entity. Insert/ update a valid test data set (for example, a customer) and check that the data has been stored in the correct table(s) in correct columns. Each data in the test data set should have been inserted/ updated in the database. Further, the test data set should be inserted only once and there should not be any other change in the other data.
9. Since your test design would require creating SQL queries, try to keep your queries as simple as possible to prevent defects in them. It is a good idea for someone other than the author to review the queries. You should also dynamically test each query. One way to test your query is to modify it so that it just shows the resultset and does not perform the actual operation e.g. insert, delete. Another way to test your query is to run it for a couple of iteration s and verify the results.
10. If you are going to have a large number of tests, you should pay special attention to organizing them. You should also consider at least partial automation of frequently run tests.
Now you should know what database testing is all about, the problems that you are likely to face while doing database testing and how to design a good database test approach for the scope decided by you.
Firstly, we need to understand what is database testing? As you would know, a database has two main parts - the data structures (the schema) that store the data AND the data itself. Let us discuss them one by one.
The data is stored in the database in tables. However, tables may not be the only objects in the database. A database may have other objects like views, stored procedures and functions. These other objects help the users access the data in required forms. The data itself is stored in the tables. Database testing involves finding out the answers to the following questions:
Questions related to database structure
1. Is the data organized well logically?
2. Does the database perform well?
3. Do the database objects like views, triggers, stored procedures, functions and jobs work correctly?
4. Does the database implement constraints to allow only correct data to be stored in it?
5. Is the data secure from unauthorized access?
Questions related to data
1. Is the data complete?
2. Is all data factually correct i.e. in sync with its source, for example the data entered by a user via the application UI?
3. Is there any unnecessary data present?
Now that we understand database testing, it is important to know about the 5 common challenges seen before or during database testing:
1. Large scope of testing
It is important to identify the test items in database testing. Otherwise, you may not have a clear understanding of what you would test and what you would not test. You could run out of time much before finishing the database test.
Once you have the list of test items, you should estimate the effort required to design the tests and execute the tests for each test item. Depending on their design and data size, some database tests may take a long time to execute. Look at the test estimates in light of the available time. If you do not have enough time, you should select only the important test items for your database test.
2. Incorrect/ scaled-down test databases
You may be given a copy of the development database to test. This database may only have little data (the data required to run the application and some sample data to show in the application UI). Testing the development or test or staging databases may not be sufficient. You should also be testing a copy of the production database.
3. Changes in database schema and data
This is a particularly nasty challenge. You may find that after you design a test (or even after you execute a test), the database structure (the schema) has been changed. This means that you should be aware of the changes made to the database during testing. Once the database structure changes, you should analyze the impact of the changes and modify any impacted tests.
Further, if your test database is being used by other users, you would not be sure about your test results. Therefore, you should ensure that the test database is used for testing purpose only.
You may also see this problem if you run multiple tests at the same time. You should run one test at a time at least for the performance tests. You do not want your database performing multiple tasks and under-reporting performance.
4. Messy testing
Database testing may get complex. You do not want to be executing tests partially or repeating tests unnecessarily. You should create a test plan and proceed accordingly while carefully noting your progress.
5. Lack of skills
The lack of the required skills may really slow things down. In order to perform database testing effectively, you should be comfortable with SQL queries and the required database management tools.
Next, let us discuss the approach for database testing. You should keep the scope of your test as well as the challenges in mind while designing your particular test design and test execution approach. Note the following 10 tips:
1. List all database-specific requirements. You should gather the requirements from all sources, particularly technical requirements. It is quite possible that some requirements are at a high level. Break-down those requirements into the small testable requirements.
2. Create test scenarios for each requirement as suggested below.
3. In order to check the logical database design, ensure that each entity in the application e.g. actors, system configuration are represented in the database. An application entity may be represented in one or tables in the database. The database should contain only those tables that are required to represent the application entities and no more.
4. In order to check the database performance, you may focus on its throughput and response times. For example, if the database is supposed to insert 1000 customer records per minute, you may design a query that inserts 1000 customer records and print/ store the time taken to do so. If the database is supposed to execute a stored procedure in under 5 seconds, you may design a query to execute the stored procedure with sample test data multiple times and note each time.
5. If you wish to test the database objects e.g. stored procedures, you should remember that a stored procedure may be thought of as a simple program that (optionally) accepts certain input(s) and produces some output. You should design test data to exercise the stored procedure in interesting ways and predict the output of the stored procedure for every test data set.
6. In order to check database constraints, you should design invalid test data sets and then try to insert/ update them in the database. An example of an invalid data set is an order for a customer that does not exist. Another example is a customer test data set with an invalid ZIP code.
7. In order to check the database security, you should design tests that mimic unauthorized access. For example, log in to the database as a user with restricted access and check if you can view/ modify/ delete restricted database objects or view or view and update restricted data. It is important to backup your database before executing any database security tests. Otherwise, you may render your database unusable.
You should also check to see that any confidential data in the database e.g. credit card numbers is either encrypted or obfuscated (masked).
8. In order to test data integrity, you should design valid test data sets for each application entity. Insert/ update a valid test data set (for example, a customer) and check that the data has been stored in the correct table(s) in correct columns. Each data in the test data set should have been inserted/ updated in the database. Further, the test data set should be inserted only once and there should not be any other change in the other data.
9. Since your test design would require creating SQL queries, try to keep your queries as simple as possible to prevent defects in them. It is a good idea for someone other than the author to review the queries. You should also dynamically test each query. One way to test your query is to modify it so that it just shows the resultset and does not perform the actual operation e.g. insert, delete. Another way to test your query is to run it for a couple of iteration s and verify the results.
10. If you are going to have a large number of tests, you should pay special attention to organizing them. You should also consider at least partial automation of frequently run tests.
Now you should know what database testing is all about, the problems that you are likely to face while doing database testing and how to design a good database test approach for the scope decided by you.
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Manual Testing Q&A 2
Manual Testing Questions and Answers
1. What is Acceptance Testing?
Testing conducted to enable a user/customer to determine whether to accept a software product. Normally performed to validate the software meets a set of agreed acceptance criteria.
2. What is Accessibility Testing?
Verifying a product is accessible to the people having disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).
3. What is Ad Hoc Testing?
A testing phase where the tester tries to 'break' the system by randomly trying the system's functionality. Can include negative testing as well. See also Monkey Testing.
4. What is Agile Testing?
Testing practice for projects using agile methodologies, treating development as the customer of testing and emphasizing a test-first design paradigm. See also Test Driven Development.
5. What is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?
A specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across defferent system platforms and environments.
6. What is Application Programming Interface (API)?
A formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services.
7. What is Automated Software Quality (ASQ)?
The use of software tools, such as automated testing tools, to improve software quality.
8. What is Automated Testing?
Testing employing software tools which execute tests without manual intervention. Can be applied in GUI, performance, API, etc. testing. The use of software to control the execution of tests, the comparison of actual outcomes to predicted outcomes, the setting up of test preconditions, and other test control and test reporting functions.
9. What is Backus-Naur Form?
A metalanguage used to formally describe the syntax of a language.
10. What is Basic Block?
A sequence of one or more consecutive, executable statements containing no branches.
11. What is Basis Path Testing?
A white box test case design technique that uses the algorithmic flow of the program to design tests.
12. What is Basis Set?
The set of tests derived using basis path testing.
13. What is Baseline?
The point at which some deliverable produced during the software engineering process is put under formal change control.
14. What you will do during the first day of job?
What would you like to do five years from now?
15. What is Beta Testing?
Testing of a rerelease of a software product conducted by customers.
16. What is Binary Portability Testing?
Testing an executable application for portability across system platforms and environments, usually for conformation to an ABI specification.
17. What is Black Box Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of the specification of a piece of software without reference to its internal workings. The goal is to test how well the component conforms to the published requirements for the component.
18. What is Bottom Up Testing?
An approach to integration testing where the lowest level components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.
19. What is Boundary Testing?
Test which focus on the boundary or limit conditions of the software being tested. (Some of these tests are stress tests).
20. What is Bug?
A fault in a program, which causes the program to perform in an unintended or unanticipated manner.
20. What is Defect?
If software misses some feature or function from what is there in requirement it is called as defect.
21. What is Boundary Value Analysis?
BVA is similar to Equivalence Partitioning but focuses on "corner cases" or values that are usually out of range as defined by the specification. his means that if a function expects all values in range of negative 100 to positive 1000, test inputs would include negative 101 and positive 1001.
22. What is Branch Testing?
Testing in which all branches in the program source code are tested at least once.
23. What is Breadth Testing?
A test suite that exercises the full functionality of a product but does not test features in detail.
24. What is CAST?
Computer Aided Software Testing.
25. What is Capture/Replay Tool?
A test tool that records test input as it is sent to the software under test. The input cases stored can then be used to reproduce the test at a later time. Most commonly applied to GUI test tools.
26. What is CMM?
The Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM or SW-CMM) is a model for judging the maturity of the software processes of an organization and for identifying the key practices that are required to increase the maturity of these processes.
27. What is Cause Effect Graph?
A graphical representation of inputs and the associated outputs effects which can be used to design test cases.
28. What is Code Complete?
Phase of development where functionality is implemented in entirety; bug fixes are all that are left. All functions found in the Functional Specifications have been implemented.
29. What is Code Coverage?
An analysis method that determines which parts of the software have been executed (covered) by the test case suite and which parts have not been executed and therefore may require additional attention.
30. What is Code Inspection?
A formal testing technique where the programmer reviews source code with a group who ask questions analyzing the program logic, analyzing the code with respect to a checklist of historically common programming errors, and analyzing its compliance with coding standards.
31. What is Code Walkthrough?
A formal testing technique where source code is traced by a group with a small set of test cases, while the state of program variables is manually monitored, to analyze the programmer's logic and assumptions.
32. What is Coding?
The generation of source code.
33. What is Compatibility Testing?
Testing whether software is compatible with other elements of a system with which it should operate, e.g. browsers, Operating Systems, or hardware.
34. What is Component?
A minimal software item for which a separate specification is available.
35. What is Component Testing?
Testing of individual software components (Unit Testing).
36. What is Concurrency Testing?
Multi-user testing geared towards determining the effects of accessing the same application code, module or database records. Identifies and measures the level of locking, deadlocking and use of single-threaded code and locking semaphores.
37. What is Conformance Testing?
The process of testing that an implementation conforms to the specification on which it is based. Usually applied to testing conformance to a formal standard.
38. What is Context Driven Testing?
The context-driven school of software testing is flavor of Agile Testing that advocates continuous and creative evaluation of testing opportunities in light of the potential information revealed and the value of that information to the organization right now.
39. What is Conversion Testing?
Testing of programs or procedures used to convert data from existing systems for use in replacement systems.
40. What is Cyclomatic Complexity?
A measure of the logical complexity of an algorithm, used in white-box testing.
41. What is Data Dictionary?
A database that contains definitions of all data items defined during analysis.
42. What is Data Flow Diagram?
A modeling notation that represents a functional decomposition of a system.
43. What is Data Driven Testing?
Testing in which the action of a test case is parameterized by externally defined data values, maintained as a file or spreadsheet. A common technique in Automated Testing.
44. What is Debugging?
The process of finding and removing the causes of software failures.
45. What is Defect?
Nonconformance to requirements or functional / program specification
46. What is Dependency Testing?
Examines an application's requirements for pre-existing software, initial states and configuration in order to maintain proper functionality.
47. What is Depth Testing?
A test that exercises a feature of a product in full detail.
48. What is Dynamic Testing?
Testing software through executing it. See also Static Testing.
49. What is Emulator?
A device, computer program, or system that accepts the same inputs and produces the same outputs as a given system.
50. What is Endurance Testing?
Checks for memory leaks or other problems that may occur with prolonged execution
51. What is End-to-End testing?
Testing a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
52. What is Equivalence Class?
A portion of a component's input or output domains for which the component's behaviour is assumed to be the same from the component's specification.
53. What is Equivalence Partitioning?
A test case design technique for a component in which test cases are designed to execute representatives from equivalence classes.
54. What is Exhaustive Testing?
Testing which covers all combinations of input values and preconditions for an element of the software under test.
55. What is Functional Decomposition?
A technique used during planning, analysis and design; creates a functional hierarchy for the software.
54. What is Functional Specification?
A document that describes in detail the characteristics of the product with regard to its intended features.
55. What is Functional Testing?
Testing the features and operational behavior of a product to ensure they correspond to its specifications. Testing that ignores the internal mechanism of a system or component and focuses solely on the outputs generated in response to selected inputs and execution conditions. or Black Box Testing.
56. What is Glass Box Testing?
A synonym for White Box Testing.
57. What is Gorilla Testing?
Testing one particular module, functionality heavily.
58. What is Gray Box Testing?
A combination of Black Box and White Box testing methodologies? testing a piece of software against its specification but using some knowledge of its internal workings.
59. What is High Order Tests?
Black-box tests conducted once the software has been integrated.
60. What is Independent Test Group (ITG)?
A group of people whose primary responsibility is software testing,
61. What is Inspection?
A group review quality improvement process for written material. It consists of two aspects; product (document itself) improvement and process improvement (of both document production and inspection).
62. What is Integration Testing?
Testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. Usually performed after unit and functional testing. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
63. What is Installation Testing?
Confirms that the application under test recovers from expected or unexpected events without loss of data or functionality. Events can include shortage of disk space, unexpected loss of communication, or power out conditions.
64. What is Load Testing?
See Performance Testing.
65. What is Localization Testing?
This term refers to making software specifically designed for a specific locality.
66. What is Loop Testing?
A white box testing technique that exercises program loops.
67. What is Metric?
A standard of measurement. Software metrics are the statistics describing the structure or content of a program. A metric should be a real objective measurement of something such as number of bugs per lines of code.
68. What is Monkey Testing?
Testing a system or an Application on the fly, i.e just few tests here and there to ensure the system or an application does not crash out.
69. What is Negative Testing?
Testing aimed at showing software does not work. Also known as "test to fail". See also Positive Testing.
70. What is Path Testing?
Testing in which all paths in the program source code are tested at least once.
71. What is Performance Testing?
Testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified performance requirements. Often this is performed using an automated test tool to simulate large number of users. Also know as "Load Testing".
72. What is Positive Testing?
Testing aimed at showing software works. Also known as "test to pass". See also Negative Testing.
73. What is Quality Assurance?
All those planned or systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service is of the type and quality needed and expected by the customer.
74. What is Quality Audit?
A systematic and independent examination to determine whether quality activities and related results comply with planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve objectives.
75. What is Quality Circle?
A group of individuals with related interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of problems or to the improvement of quality.
76. What is Quality Control?
The operational techniques and the activities used to fulfill and verify requirements of quality.
77. What is Quality Management?
That aspect of the overall management function that determines and implements the quality policy.
78. What is Quality Policy?
The overall intentions and direction of an organization as regards quality as formally expressed by top management.
79. What is Quality System?
The organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources for implementing quality management.
80. What is Race Condition?
A cause of concurrency problems. Multiple accesses to a shared resource, at least one of which is a write, with no mechanism used by either to moderate simultaneous access.
81. What is Ramp Testing?
Continuously raising an input signal until the system breaks down.
82. What is Recovery Testing?
Confirms that the program recovers from expected or unexpected events without loss of data or functionality. Events can include shortage of disk space, unexpected loss of communication, or power out conditions
83. What is Regression Testing?
Retesting a previously tested program following modification to ensure that faults have not been introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes made.
84. What is Release Candidate?
A pre-release version, which contains the desired functionality of the final version, but which needs to be tested for bugs (which ideally should be removed before the final version is released).
85. What is Sanity Testing?
Brief test of major functional elements of a piece of software to determine if its basically operational. See also Smoke Testing.
86. What is Scalability Testing?
Performance testing focused on ensuring the application under test gracefully handles increases in work load.
87. What is Security Testing?
Testing which confirms that the program can restrict access to authorized personnel and that the authorized personnel can access the functions available to their security level.
88. What is Smoke Testing?
A quick-and-dirty test that the major functions of a piece of software work. Originated in the hardware testing practice of turning on a new piece of hardware for the first time and considering it a success if it does not catch on fire.
89. What is Soak Testing?
Running a system at high load for a prolonged period of time. For example, running several times more transactions in an entire day (or night) than would be expected in a busy day, to identify and performance problems that appear after a large number of transactions have been executed.
90. What is Software Requirements Specification?
A deliverable that describes all data, functional and behavioral requirements, all constraints, and all validation requirements for software/
91. What is Software Testing?
A set of activities conducted with the intent of finding errors in software.
92. What is Static Analysis?
Analysis of a program carried out without executing the program.
93. What is Static Analyzer?
A tool that carries out static analysis.
94. What is Static Testing?
Analysis of a program carried out without executing the program.
95. What is Storage Testing?
Testing that verifies the program under test stores data files in the correct directories and that it reserves sufficient space to prevent unexpected termination resulting from lack of space. This is external storage as opposed to internal storage.
96. What is Stress Testing?
Testing conducted to evaluate a system or component at or beyond the limits of its specified requirements to determine the load under which it fails and how. Often this is performance testing using a very high level of simulated load.
97. What is Structural Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of internal workings and structure of a piece of software. See also White Box Testing.
98. What is System Testing?
Testing that attempts to discover defects that are properties of the entire system rather than of its individual components.
99. What is Testability?
The degree to which a system or component facilitates the establishment of test criteria and the performance of tests to determine whether those criteria have been met.
100. What is Testing?
The process of exercising software to verify that it satisfies specified requirements and to detect errors. The process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is, bugs), and to evaluate the features of the software item (Ref. IEEE Std 829). The process of operating a system or component under specified conditions, observing or recording the results, and making an evaluation of some aspect of the system or component. What is Test Automation? It is the same as Automated Testing.
101. What is Test Bed?
An execution environment configured for testing. May consist of specific hardware, OS, network topology, configuration of the product under test, other application or system software, etc. The Test Plan for a project should enumerated the test beds(s) to be used.
102. What is Test Case?
Test Case is a commonly used term for a specific test. This is usually the smallest unit of testing. A Test Case will consist of information such as requirements testing, test steps, verification steps, prerequisites, outputs, test environment, etc. A set of inputs, execution preconditions, and expected outcomes developed for a particular objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement. Test Driven Development? Testing methodology associated with Agile Programming in which every chunk of code is covered by unit tests, which must all pass all the time, in an effort to eliminate unit-level and regression bugs during development. Practitioners of TDD write a lot of tests, i.e. an equal number of lines of test code to the size of the production code.
103. What is Test Driver?
A program or test tool used to execute tests. Also known as a Test Harness.
104. What is Test Environment?
The hardware and software environment in which tests will be run, and any other software with which the software under test interacts when under test including stubs and test drivers.
105. What is Test First Design?
Test-first design is one of the mandatory practices of Extreme Programming (XP).It requires that programmers do not write any production code until they have first written a unit test.
106. What is Test Harness?
A program or test tool used to execute a tests. Also known as a Test Driver.
107. What is Test Plan?
A document describing the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of intended testing activities. It identifies test items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks, who will do each task, and any risks requiring contingency planning.
108. What is Test Procedure?
A document providing detailed instructions for the execution of one or more test cases.
109. What is Test Script?
Commonly used to refer to the instructions for a particular test that will be carried out by an automated test tool.
110. What is Test Specification?
A document specifying the test approach for a software feature or combination or features and the inputs, predicted results and execution conditions for the associated tests.
111. What is Test Suite?
A collection of tests used to validate the behavior of a product. The scope of a Test Suite varies from organization to organization. There may be several Test Suites for a particular product for example. In most cases however a Test Suite is a high level concept, grouping together hundreds or thousands of tests related by what they are intended to test.
112. What is Test Tools?
Computer programs used in the testing of a system, a component of the system, or its documentation.
113. What is Thread Testing?
A variation of top-down testing where the progressive integration of components follows the implementation of subsets of the requirements, as opposed to the integration of components by successively lower levels.
114. What is Top Down Testing?
An approach to integration testing where the component at the top of the component hierarchy is tested first, with lower level components being simulated by stubs. Tested components are then used to test lower level components. The process is repeated until the lowest level components have been tested.
115. What is Total Quality Management?
A company commitment to develop a process that achieves high quality product and customer satisfaction.
116. What is Traceability Matrix?
A document showing the relationship between Test Requirements and Test Cases.
117. What is Usability Testing?
Testing the ease with which users can learn and use a product.
118. What is Use Case?
The specification of tests that are conducted from the end-user perspective. Use cases tend to focus on operating software as an end-user would conduct their day-to-day activities.
119. What is Unit Testing?
Testing of individual software components.
120. how do the companies expect the defect reporting to be communicated by the tester to the development team. Can the excel sheet template be used for defect reporting. If so what are the common fields that are to be included ? who assigns the priority and severity of the defect
To report bugs in excel:
Sno. Module Screen/ Section Issue detail Severity
Prioriety Issuestatus
this is how to report bugs in excel sheet and also set filters on the Columns attributes.
But most of the companies use the share point process of reporting bugs In this when the project came for testing a module wise detail of project is inserted to the defect managment system they are using. It contains following field
1. Date
2. Issue brief
3. Issue discription(used for developer to regenrate the issue)
4. Issue satus( active, resolved, onhold, suspend and not able to regenrate)
5. Assign to (Names of members allocated to project)
6. Prioriety(High, medium and low)
7. Severity (Major, medium and low)
121. How do you plan test automation?
1. Prepare the automation Test plan
2. Identify the scenario
3. Record the scenario
4. Enhance the scripts by inserting check points and Conditional Loops
5. Incorporated Error Hnadler
6. Debug the script
7. Fix the issue
8. Rerun the script and report the result
122. Does automation replace manual testing?
There can be some functionality which cannot be tested in an automated tool so we may have to do it manually. therefore manual testing can never be repleaced. (We can write the scripts for negative testing also but it is hectic task).When we talk about real environment we do negative testing manually.
123. How will you choose a tool for test automation?
choosing of a tool deends on many things ...
1. Application to be tested
2. Test environment
3. Scope and limitation of the tool.
4. Feature of the tool.
5. Cost of the tool.
6. Whether the tool is compatible with your application which means tool should be able to interact with your appliaction
7. Ease of use
124. How you will evaluate the tool for test automation?
We need to concentrate on the features of the tools and how this could be benficial for our project. The additional new features and the enhancements of the features will also help.
125. How you will describe testing activities?
Testing activities start from the elaboration phase. The various testing activities are preparing the test plan, Preparing test cases, Execute the test case, Log teh bug, validate the bug & take appropriate action for the bug, Automate the test cases.
126. What testing activities you may want to automate?
Automate all the high priority test cases which needs to be exceuted as a part of regression testing for each build cycle.
127. Describe common problems of test automation.
The commom problems are:
1. Maintenance of the old script when there is a feature change or enhancement
2. The change in technology of the application will affect the old scripts
128. What types of scripting techniques for test automation do you know?
5 types of scripting techniques:
Linear
Structured
Shared
Data Driven
Key Driven
129. What is memory leaks and buffer overflows ?
Memory leaks means incomplete deallocation - are bugs that happen very often. Buffer overflow means data sent as input to the server that overflows the boundaries of the input area, thus causing the server to misbehave. Buffer overflows can be used.
130. What are the major differences between stress testing,load testing,Volume testing?
Stress testing means increasing the load ,and cheking the performance at each level. Load testing means at a time giving more load by the expectation and cheking the performance at that leval. Volume testing means first we have to apply initial.
1. What is Acceptance Testing?
Testing conducted to enable a user/customer to determine whether to accept a software product. Normally performed to validate the software meets a set of agreed acceptance criteria.
2. What is Accessibility Testing?
Verifying a product is accessible to the people having disabilities (deaf, blind, mentally disabled etc.).
3. What is Ad Hoc Testing?
A testing phase where the tester tries to 'break' the system by randomly trying the system's functionality. Can include negative testing as well. See also Monkey Testing.
4. What is Agile Testing?
Testing practice for projects using agile methodologies, treating development as the customer of testing and emphasizing a test-first design paradigm. See also Test Driven Development.
5. What is Application Binary Interface (ABI)?
A specification defining requirements for portability of applications in binary forms across defferent system platforms and environments.
6. What is Application Programming Interface (API)?
A formalized set of software calls and routines that can be referenced by an application program in order to access supporting system or network services.
7. What is Automated Software Quality (ASQ)?
The use of software tools, such as automated testing tools, to improve software quality.
8. What is Automated Testing?
Testing employing software tools which execute tests without manual intervention. Can be applied in GUI, performance, API, etc. testing. The use of software to control the execution of tests, the comparison of actual outcomes to predicted outcomes, the setting up of test preconditions, and other test control and test reporting functions.
9. What is Backus-Naur Form?
A metalanguage used to formally describe the syntax of a language.
10. What is Basic Block?
A sequence of one or more consecutive, executable statements containing no branches.
11. What is Basis Path Testing?
A white box test case design technique that uses the algorithmic flow of the program to design tests.
12. What is Basis Set?
The set of tests derived using basis path testing.
13. What is Baseline?
The point at which some deliverable produced during the software engineering process is put under formal change control.
14. What you will do during the first day of job?
What would you like to do five years from now?
15. What is Beta Testing?
Testing of a rerelease of a software product conducted by customers.
16. What is Binary Portability Testing?
Testing an executable application for portability across system platforms and environments, usually for conformation to an ABI specification.
17. What is Black Box Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of the specification of a piece of software without reference to its internal workings. The goal is to test how well the component conforms to the published requirements for the component.
18. What is Bottom Up Testing?
An approach to integration testing where the lowest level components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.
19. What is Boundary Testing?
Test which focus on the boundary or limit conditions of the software being tested. (Some of these tests are stress tests).
20. What is Bug?
A fault in a program, which causes the program to perform in an unintended or unanticipated manner.
20. What is Defect?
If software misses some feature or function from what is there in requirement it is called as defect.
21. What is Boundary Value Analysis?
BVA is similar to Equivalence Partitioning but focuses on "corner cases" or values that are usually out of range as defined by the specification. his means that if a function expects all values in range of negative 100 to positive 1000, test inputs would include negative 101 and positive 1001.
22. What is Branch Testing?
Testing in which all branches in the program source code are tested at least once.
23. What is Breadth Testing?
A test suite that exercises the full functionality of a product but does not test features in detail.
24. What is CAST?
Computer Aided Software Testing.
25. What is Capture/Replay Tool?
A test tool that records test input as it is sent to the software under test. The input cases stored can then be used to reproduce the test at a later time. Most commonly applied to GUI test tools.
26. What is CMM?
The Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM or SW-CMM) is a model for judging the maturity of the software processes of an organization and for identifying the key practices that are required to increase the maturity of these processes.
27. What is Cause Effect Graph?
A graphical representation of inputs and the associated outputs effects which can be used to design test cases.
28. What is Code Complete?
Phase of development where functionality is implemented in entirety; bug fixes are all that are left. All functions found in the Functional Specifications have been implemented.
29. What is Code Coverage?
An analysis method that determines which parts of the software have been executed (covered) by the test case suite and which parts have not been executed and therefore may require additional attention.
30. What is Code Inspection?
A formal testing technique where the programmer reviews source code with a group who ask questions analyzing the program logic, analyzing the code with respect to a checklist of historically common programming errors, and analyzing its compliance with coding standards.
31. What is Code Walkthrough?
A formal testing technique where source code is traced by a group with a small set of test cases, while the state of program variables is manually monitored, to analyze the programmer's logic and assumptions.
32. What is Coding?
The generation of source code.
33. What is Compatibility Testing?
Testing whether software is compatible with other elements of a system with which it should operate, e.g. browsers, Operating Systems, or hardware.
34. What is Component?
A minimal software item for which a separate specification is available.
35. What is Component Testing?
Testing of individual software components (Unit Testing).
36. What is Concurrency Testing?
Multi-user testing geared towards determining the effects of accessing the same application code, module or database records. Identifies and measures the level of locking, deadlocking and use of single-threaded code and locking semaphores.
37. What is Conformance Testing?
The process of testing that an implementation conforms to the specification on which it is based. Usually applied to testing conformance to a formal standard.
38. What is Context Driven Testing?
The context-driven school of software testing is flavor of Agile Testing that advocates continuous and creative evaluation of testing opportunities in light of the potential information revealed and the value of that information to the organization right now.
39. What is Conversion Testing?
Testing of programs or procedures used to convert data from existing systems for use in replacement systems.
40. What is Cyclomatic Complexity?
A measure of the logical complexity of an algorithm, used in white-box testing.
41. What is Data Dictionary?
A database that contains definitions of all data items defined during analysis.
42. What is Data Flow Diagram?
A modeling notation that represents a functional decomposition of a system.
43. What is Data Driven Testing?
Testing in which the action of a test case is parameterized by externally defined data values, maintained as a file or spreadsheet. A common technique in Automated Testing.
44. What is Debugging?
The process of finding and removing the causes of software failures.
45. What is Defect?
Nonconformance to requirements or functional / program specification
46. What is Dependency Testing?
Examines an application's requirements for pre-existing software, initial states and configuration in order to maintain proper functionality.
47. What is Depth Testing?
A test that exercises a feature of a product in full detail.
48. What is Dynamic Testing?
Testing software through executing it. See also Static Testing.
49. What is Emulator?
A device, computer program, or system that accepts the same inputs and produces the same outputs as a given system.
50. What is Endurance Testing?
Checks for memory leaks or other problems that may occur with prolonged execution
51. What is End-to-End testing?
Testing a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
52. What is Equivalence Class?
A portion of a component's input or output domains for which the component's behaviour is assumed to be the same from the component's specification.
53. What is Equivalence Partitioning?
A test case design technique for a component in which test cases are designed to execute representatives from equivalence classes.
54. What is Exhaustive Testing?
Testing which covers all combinations of input values and preconditions for an element of the software under test.
55. What is Functional Decomposition?
A technique used during planning, analysis and design; creates a functional hierarchy for the software.
54. What is Functional Specification?
A document that describes in detail the characteristics of the product with regard to its intended features.
55. What is Functional Testing?
Testing the features and operational behavior of a product to ensure they correspond to its specifications. Testing that ignores the internal mechanism of a system or component and focuses solely on the outputs generated in response to selected inputs and execution conditions. or Black Box Testing.
56. What is Glass Box Testing?
A synonym for White Box Testing.
57. What is Gorilla Testing?
Testing one particular module, functionality heavily.
58. What is Gray Box Testing?
A combination of Black Box and White Box testing methodologies? testing a piece of software against its specification but using some knowledge of its internal workings.
59. What is High Order Tests?
Black-box tests conducted once the software has been integrated.
60. What is Independent Test Group (ITG)?
A group of people whose primary responsibility is software testing,
61. What is Inspection?
A group review quality improvement process for written material. It consists of two aspects; product (document itself) improvement and process improvement (of both document production and inspection).
62. What is Integration Testing?
Testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. Usually performed after unit and functional testing. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.
63. What is Installation Testing?
Confirms that the application under test recovers from expected or unexpected events without loss of data or functionality. Events can include shortage of disk space, unexpected loss of communication, or power out conditions.
64. What is Load Testing?
See Performance Testing.
65. What is Localization Testing?
This term refers to making software specifically designed for a specific locality.
66. What is Loop Testing?
A white box testing technique that exercises program loops.
67. What is Metric?
A standard of measurement. Software metrics are the statistics describing the structure or content of a program. A metric should be a real objective measurement of something such as number of bugs per lines of code.
68. What is Monkey Testing?
Testing a system or an Application on the fly, i.e just few tests here and there to ensure the system or an application does not crash out.
69. What is Negative Testing?
Testing aimed at showing software does not work. Also known as "test to fail". See also Positive Testing.
70. What is Path Testing?
Testing in which all paths in the program source code are tested at least once.
71. What is Performance Testing?
Testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified performance requirements. Often this is performed using an automated test tool to simulate large number of users. Also know as "Load Testing".
72. What is Positive Testing?
Testing aimed at showing software works. Also known as "test to pass". See also Negative Testing.
73. What is Quality Assurance?
All those planned or systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service is of the type and quality needed and expected by the customer.
74. What is Quality Audit?
A systematic and independent examination to determine whether quality activities and related results comply with planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve objectives.
75. What is Quality Circle?
A group of individuals with related interests that meet at regular intervals to consider problems or other matters related to the quality of outputs of a process and to the correction of problems or to the improvement of quality.
76. What is Quality Control?
The operational techniques and the activities used to fulfill and verify requirements of quality.
77. What is Quality Management?
That aspect of the overall management function that determines and implements the quality policy.
78. What is Quality Policy?
The overall intentions and direction of an organization as regards quality as formally expressed by top management.
79. What is Quality System?
The organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources for implementing quality management.
80. What is Race Condition?
A cause of concurrency problems. Multiple accesses to a shared resource, at least one of which is a write, with no mechanism used by either to moderate simultaneous access.
81. What is Ramp Testing?
Continuously raising an input signal until the system breaks down.
82. What is Recovery Testing?
Confirms that the program recovers from expected or unexpected events without loss of data or functionality. Events can include shortage of disk space, unexpected loss of communication, or power out conditions
83. What is Regression Testing?
Retesting a previously tested program following modification to ensure that faults have not been introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes made.
84. What is Release Candidate?
A pre-release version, which contains the desired functionality of the final version, but which needs to be tested for bugs (which ideally should be removed before the final version is released).
85. What is Sanity Testing?
Brief test of major functional elements of a piece of software to determine if its basically operational. See also Smoke Testing.
86. What is Scalability Testing?
Performance testing focused on ensuring the application under test gracefully handles increases in work load.
87. What is Security Testing?
Testing which confirms that the program can restrict access to authorized personnel and that the authorized personnel can access the functions available to their security level.
88. What is Smoke Testing?
A quick-and-dirty test that the major functions of a piece of software work. Originated in the hardware testing practice of turning on a new piece of hardware for the first time and considering it a success if it does not catch on fire.
89. What is Soak Testing?
Running a system at high load for a prolonged period of time. For example, running several times more transactions in an entire day (or night) than would be expected in a busy day, to identify and performance problems that appear after a large number of transactions have been executed.
90. What is Software Requirements Specification?
A deliverable that describes all data, functional and behavioral requirements, all constraints, and all validation requirements for software/
91. What is Software Testing?
A set of activities conducted with the intent of finding errors in software.
92. What is Static Analysis?
Analysis of a program carried out without executing the program.
93. What is Static Analyzer?
A tool that carries out static analysis.
94. What is Static Testing?
Analysis of a program carried out without executing the program.
95. What is Storage Testing?
Testing that verifies the program under test stores data files in the correct directories and that it reserves sufficient space to prevent unexpected termination resulting from lack of space. This is external storage as opposed to internal storage.
96. What is Stress Testing?
Testing conducted to evaluate a system or component at or beyond the limits of its specified requirements to determine the load under which it fails and how. Often this is performance testing using a very high level of simulated load.
97. What is Structural Testing?
Testing based on an analysis of internal workings and structure of a piece of software. See also White Box Testing.
98. What is System Testing?
Testing that attempts to discover defects that are properties of the entire system rather than of its individual components.
99. What is Testability?
The degree to which a system or component facilitates the establishment of test criteria and the performance of tests to determine whether those criteria have been met.
100. What is Testing?
The process of exercising software to verify that it satisfies specified requirements and to detect errors. The process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is, bugs), and to evaluate the features of the software item (Ref. IEEE Std 829). The process of operating a system or component under specified conditions, observing or recording the results, and making an evaluation of some aspect of the system or component. What is Test Automation? It is the same as Automated Testing.
101. What is Test Bed?
An execution environment configured for testing. May consist of specific hardware, OS, network topology, configuration of the product under test, other application or system software, etc. The Test Plan for a project should enumerated the test beds(s) to be used.
102. What is Test Case?
Test Case is a commonly used term for a specific test. This is usually the smallest unit of testing. A Test Case will consist of information such as requirements testing, test steps, verification steps, prerequisites, outputs, test environment, etc. A set of inputs, execution preconditions, and expected outcomes developed for a particular objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement. Test Driven Development? Testing methodology associated with Agile Programming in which every chunk of code is covered by unit tests, which must all pass all the time, in an effort to eliminate unit-level and regression bugs during development. Practitioners of TDD write a lot of tests, i.e. an equal number of lines of test code to the size of the production code.
103. What is Test Driver?
A program or test tool used to execute tests. Also known as a Test Harness.
104. What is Test Environment?
The hardware and software environment in which tests will be run, and any other software with which the software under test interacts when under test including stubs and test drivers.
105. What is Test First Design?
Test-first design is one of the mandatory practices of Extreme Programming (XP).It requires that programmers do not write any production code until they have first written a unit test.
106. What is Test Harness?
A program or test tool used to execute a tests. Also known as a Test Driver.
107. What is Test Plan?
A document describing the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of intended testing activities. It identifies test items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks, who will do each task, and any risks requiring contingency planning.
108. What is Test Procedure?
A document providing detailed instructions for the execution of one or more test cases.
109. What is Test Script?
Commonly used to refer to the instructions for a particular test that will be carried out by an automated test tool.
110. What is Test Specification?
A document specifying the test approach for a software feature or combination or features and the inputs, predicted results and execution conditions for the associated tests.
111. What is Test Suite?
A collection of tests used to validate the behavior of a product. The scope of a Test Suite varies from organization to organization. There may be several Test Suites for a particular product for example. In most cases however a Test Suite is a high level concept, grouping together hundreds or thousands of tests related by what they are intended to test.
112. What is Test Tools?
Computer programs used in the testing of a system, a component of the system, or its documentation.
113. What is Thread Testing?
A variation of top-down testing where the progressive integration of components follows the implementation of subsets of the requirements, as opposed to the integration of components by successively lower levels.
114. What is Top Down Testing?
An approach to integration testing where the component at the top of the component hierarchy is tested first, with lower level components being simulated by stubs. Tested components are then used to test lower level components. The process is repeated until the lowest level components have been tested.
115. What is Total Quality Management?
A company commitment to develop a process that achieves high quality product and customer satisfaction.
116. What is Traceability Matrix?
A document showing the relationship between Test Requirements and Test Cases.
117. What is Usability Testing?
Testing the ease with which users can learn and use a product.
118. What is Use Case?
The specification of tests that are conducted from the end-user perspective. Use cases tend to focus on operating software as an end-user would conduct their day-to-day activities.
119. What is Unit Testing?
Testing of individual software components.
120. how do the companies expect the defect reporting to be communicated by the tester to the development team. Can the excel sheet template be used for defect reporting. If so what are the common fields that are to be included ? who assigns the priority and severity of the defect
To report bugs in excel:
Sno. Module Screen/ Section Issue detail Severity
Prioriety Issuestatus
this is how to report bugs in excel sheet and also set filters on the Columns attributes.
But most of the companies use the share point process of reporting bugs In this when the project came for testing a module wise detail of project is inserted to the defect managment system they are using. It contains following field
1. Date
2. Issue brief
3. Issue discription(used for developer to regenrate the issue)
4. Issue satus( active, resolved, onhold, suspend and not able to regenrate)
5. Assign to (Names of members allocated to project)
6. Prioriety(High, medium and low)
7. Severity (Major, medium and low)
121. How do you plan test automation?
1. Prepare the automation Test plan
2. Identify the scenario
3. Record the scenario
4. Enhance the scripts by inserting check points and Conditional Loops
5. Incorporated Error Hnadler
6. Debug the script
7. Fix the issue
8. Rerun the script and report the result
122. Does automation replace manual testing?
There can be some functionality which cannot be tested in an automated tool so we may have to do it manually. therefore manual testing can never be repleaced. (We can write the scripts for negative testing also but it is hectic task).When we talk about real environment we do negative testing manually.
123. How will you choose a tool for test automation?
choosing of a tool deends on many things ...
1. Application to be tested
2. Test environment
3. Scope and limitation of the tool.
4. Feature of the tool.
5. Cost of the tool.
6. Whether the tool is compatible with your application which means tool should be able to interact with your appliaction
7. Ease of use
124. How you will evaluate the tool for test automation?
We need to concentrate on the features of the tools and how this could be benficial for our project. The additional new features and the enhancements of the features will also help.
125. How you will describe testing activities?
Testing activities start from the elaboration phase. The various testing activities are preparing the test plan, Preparing test cases, Execute the test case, Log teh bug, validate the bug & take appropriate action for the bug, Automate the test cases.
126. What testing activities you may want to automate?
Automate all the high priority test cases which needs to be exceuted as a part of regression testing for each build cycle.
127. Describe common problems of test automation.
The commom problems are:
1. Maintenance of the old script when there is a feature change or enhancement
2. The change in technology of the application will affect the old scripts
128. What types of scripting techniques for test automation do you know?
5 types of scripting techniques:
Linear
Structured
Shared
Data Driven
Key Driven
129. What is memory leaks and buffer overflows ?
Memory leaks means incomplete deallocation - are bugs that happen very often. Buffer overflow means data sent as input to the server that overflows the boundaries of the input area, thus causing the server to misbehave. Buffer overflows can be used.
130. What are the major differences between stress testing,load testing,Volume testing?
Stress testing means increasing the load ,and cheking the performance at each level. Load testing means at a time giving more load by the expectation and cheking the performance at that leval. Volume testing means first we have to apply initial.
Manual Testing FAQS Part-I
Q: How do you introduce a new software QA process?
A: It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size organizations with lower risk projects, management and organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required. Generally speaking, QA processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and
testable.
Q: What is the role of documentation in QA?
A: Documentation plays a critical role in QA. QA practices should be documented, so that they are repeatable. Specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports, configurations, code changes, test plans, test cases, bug reports, user manuals should all be documented. Ideally, there should be a system for easily finding and obtaining of documents and determining what document will have a particular piece of information. Use documentation change management, if possible.
Q: What makes a good test engineer?
A: Good test engineers have a "test to break" attitude. We, good test engineers, take the point of view of the customer; have a strong desire for quality and an attention to detail. Tact and diplomacy are useful in maintaining a cooperative relationship with developers and an ability to communicate with both technical and non-technical people. Previous software development experience is also helpful as it provides a deeper understanding of the software development process, gives the test engineer an appreciation for the developers' point of view and reduces the learning curve in automated test tool programming.
Rob Davis is a good test engineer because he has a "test to break" attitude, takes the point of view of the customer, has a strong desire for quality, has an attention to detail, He's also tactful and diplomatic and has good a communication skill, both oral and written. And he has previous software development experience, too.
Q: What is a test plan?
A: A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none outside the test group will be able to read it.
Q: What is a test case?
A: A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and its expected result, in order to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly. A test case should contain particulars such as a...
• Test case identifier;
• Test case name;
• Objective;
• Test conditions/setup;
• Input data requirements/steps, and
• Expected results.
Please note, the process of developing test cases can help find problems in the requirements or design of an application, since it requires you to completely think through the operation of the application. For this reason, it is useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle, if possible.
Q: What should be done after a bug is found?
A: When a bug is found, it needs to be communicated and assigned to developers that can fix it. After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested. Additionally, determinations should be made regarding requirements, software, hardware, safety impact, etc., for regression testing to check the fixes didn't create other problems elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is in place, it should encapsulate these determinations. A variety of commercial, problem-tracking/management software tools are available. These tools, with the detailed input of software test engineers, will give the team complete information so developers can understand the bug, get an idea of its severity, reproduce it and fix it.
Q: What is configuration management?
A: Configuration management (CM) covers the tools and processes used to control, coordinate and track code, requirements, documentation, problems, change requests, designs, tools, compilers, libraries, patches, changes made to them and who makes the changes. Rob Davis has had experience with a full range of CM tools and concepts, and can easily adapt to your software tool and process needs.
Q: What if the software is so buggy it can't be tested at all?
A: In this situation the best bet is to have test engineers go through the process of reporting whatever bugs or problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs.
Since this type of problem can severely affect schedules and indicates deeper problems in the software development process, such as insufficient unit testing, insufficient integration testing, poor design, improper build or release procedures, managers should be notified and provided with some documentation as evidence of the problem.
Q: What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?
A: Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is appropriate to most software development projects.
Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused. This requires judgment skills, common sense and experience. The checklist should include answers to the following questions:
• Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?
• Which functionality is most visible to the user?
• Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
• Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
• Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
• Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?
• Which parts of the code are most complex and thus most subject to errors?
• Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
• Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
• Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?
• Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?
• What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
• What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
• What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?
• What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
• Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?
Q: What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive testing?
A: Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However, if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the considerations listed under "What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?" do apply. The test engineer then should do "ad hoc" testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.
Q: What can be done if requirements are changing continuously?
A: Work with management early on to understand how requirements might change, so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance. It is helpful if the application's initial design allows for some adaptability, so that later changes do not require redoing the application from scratch. Additionally, try to...
• Ensure the code is well commented and well documented; this makes changes easier for the developers.
• Use rapid prototyping whenever possible; this will help customers feel sure of their requirements and minimize changes.
• In the project's initial schedule, allow for some extra time to commensurate with probable changes.
Move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application and use the original requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.
Negotiate to allow only easily implemented new requirements into the project.
• Ensure customers and management understand scheduling impacts, inherent risks and costs of significant requirements changes. Then let management or the customers decide if the changes are warranted; after all, that's their job.
• Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected effort required to redo them to deal with changes.
• Design some flexibility into automated test scripts;
• Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely to remain unchanged;
• Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes, in order to minimize regression-testing needs;
• Design some flexibility into test cases; this is not easily done; the best bet is to minimize the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level generic-type test plans;
Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad-hoc testing with an understanding of the added risk this entails.
Q: How do you know when to stop testing?
A: This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Common factors in deciding when to stop are...
• Deadlines, e.g. release deadlines, testing deadlines;
• Test cases completed with certain percentage passed;
• Test budget has been depleted;
• Coverage of code, functionality, or requirements reaches a specified point;
• Bug rate falls below a certain level; or
• Beta or alpha testing period ends.
Q: What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the requirements?
A: It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected or hidden functionality, which it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process. If the functionality isn't necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it may have unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the designer or the customer.
If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing needs or regression testing needs. Management should be made aware of any significant added risks as a result of the unexpected functionality. If the functionality only affects areas, such as minor improvements in the user interface, it may not be a significant risk.
Q: How can software QA processes be implemented without stifling productivity?
A: Implement QA processes slowly over time. Use consensus to reach agreement on processes and adjust and experiment as an organization grows and matures. Productivity will be improved instead of stifled. Problem prevention will lessen the need for problem detection. Panics and burnout will decrease and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort.
At the same time, attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient, minimize paperwork, promote computer-based processes and automated tracking and reporting, minimize time required in meetings and promote training as part of the QA process.
However, no one, especially talented technical types, like bureaucracy and in the short run things may slow down a bit. A typical scenario would be that more days of planning and development will be needed, but less time will be required for late-night bug fixing and calming of irate customers.
Q: What if the organization is growing so fast that fixed QA processes are impossible?
A: This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new technology areas. There is no easy solution in this situation, other than...
• Hire good people (i.e. hire Rob Davis)
• Ruthlessly prioritize quality issues and maintain focus on the customer;
• Everyone in the organization should be clear on what quality means to the customer.
Q: Why do you recommend that we test during the design phase?
A: Because testing during the design phase can prevent defects later on. We recommend verifying three things...
1. Verify the design is good, efficient, compact, testable and maintainable.
2. Verify the design meets the requirements and is complete (specifies all relationships between modules, how to pass data, what happens in exceptional circumstances, starting state of each module and how to guarantee the state of each module).
3. Verify the design incorporates enough memory, I/O devices and quick enough runtime for the final product.
Q: What is software quality assurance?
A: Software Quality Assurance, when Rob Davis does it, is oriented to *prevention*. It involves the entire software development process. Prevention is monitoring and improving the process, making sure any agreed-upon standards and procedures are followed and ensuring problems are found and dealt with.
Software Testing, when performed by Rob Davis, is also oriented to *detection*. Testing involves the operation of a system or application under controlled conditions and evaluating the results.
Rob Davis can provide QA/testing service. This document details some aspects of how he can provide software testing/QA service. For more information, e-mail rob@robdavispe.com.
Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and testing. Sometimes they're the combined responsibility of one group or individual.
Also common are project teams, which include a mix of test engineers, testers and developers, who work closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers.
Software quality assurance depends on what best fits your organization's size and business structure.
Q: How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
A: A well-engineered object-oriented design can make it easier to trace from code to internal design to functional design to requirements. While there will be little affect on black box testing (where an understanding of the internal design of the application is unnecessary), white-box testing can be oriented to the application's objects. If the application was well designed this can simplify test design.
Q: What is quality assurance?
A: Quality Assurance ensures all parties concerned with the project adhere to the process and procedures, standards and templates and test readiness reviews.
Rob Davis' QA service depends on the customers and projects. A lot will depend on team leads or managers, feedback to developers and communications among customers, managers, developers' test engineers and testers.
Q: What is black box testing?
A: Black box testing is functional testing, not based on any knowledge of internal software design or code. Black box testing are based on requirements and functionality.
Q: What is white box testing?
A: White box testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths and conditions.
Q: What is unit testing?
A: Unit testing is the first level of dynamic testing and is first the responsibility of developers and then that of the test engineers.
Unit testing is performed after the expected test results are met or differences are explainable/acceptable.
Q: What is functional testing?
A: Functional testing is black-box type of testing geared to functional requirements of an application. Test engineers *should* perform functional testing.
Q: What is usability testing?
A: Usability testing is testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective and depends on the targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions and other techniques can be used. Programmers and developers are usually not appropriate as usability testers.
Q: What is incremental integration testing?
A: Incremental integration testing is continuous testing of an application as new functionality is recommended. This may require that various aspects of an application's functionality are independent enough to work separately, before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers are developed as needed.
Incremental testing may be performed by programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.
Q: What is parallel/audit testing?
A: Parallel/audit testing is testing where the user reconciles the output of the new system to the output of the current system to verify the new system performs the operations correctly.
Q: What is integration testing?
A: Upon completion of unit testing, integration testing begins. Integration testing is black box testing. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure distinct components of the application still work in accordance to customer requirements.
Test cases are developed with the express purpose of exercising the interfaces between the components. This activity is carried out by the test team.
Integration testing is considered complete, when actual results and expected results are either in line or differences are explainable/acceptable based on client input.
Q: What is system testing?
A: System testing is black box testing, performed by the Test Team, and at the start of the system testing the complete system is configured in a controlled environment.
The purpose of system testing is to validate an application's accuracy and completeness in performing the functions as designed.
System testing simulates real life scenarios that occur in a "simulated real life" test environment and test all functions of the system that are required in real life.
System testing is deemed complete when actual results and expected results are either in line or differences are explainable or acceptable, based on client input.
Upon completion of integration testing, system testing is started. Before system testing, all unit and integration test results are reviewed by Software QA to ensure all problems have been resolved. For a higher level of testing it is important to understand unresolved problems that originate at unit and integration test levels.
You CAN learn system testing, with little or no outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q: What is end-to-end testing?
A: Similar to system testing, the *macro* end of the test scale is testing a complete application in a situation that mimics real world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communication, or interacting with other hardware, application, or system.
Q: What is regression testing?
A: The objective of regression testing is to ensure the software remains intact. A baseline set of data and scripts is maintained and executed to verify changes introduced during the release have not "undone" any previous code. Expected results from the baseline are compared to results of the software under test. All discrepancies are highlighted and accounted for, before testing proceeds to the next level.
Q: What is sanity testing?
A: Sanity testing is performed whenever cursory testing is sufficient to prove the application is functioning according to specifications. This level of testing is a subset of regression testing.
It normally includes a set of core tests of basic GUI functionality to demonstrate connectivity to the database, application servers, printers, etc.
Q: What is performance testing?
A: Although performance testing is described as a part of system testing, it can be regarded as a distinct level of testing. Performance testing verifies loads, volumes and response times, as defined by requirements.
Q: What is load testing?
A: Load testing is testing an application under heavy loads, such as the testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine at what point the system response time will degrade or fail.
Q: What is installation testing?
A: Installation testing is testing full, partial, upgrade, or install/uninstall processes. The installation test for a release is conducted with the objective of demonstrating production readiness.
This test includes the inventory of configuration items, performed by the application's System Administration, the evaluation of data readiness, and dynamic tests focused on basic system functionality. When necessary, a sanity test is performed, following installation testing.
Q: What is security/penetration testing?
A: Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage.
This type of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.
Q: What is recovery/error testing?
A: Recovery/error testing is testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
Q: What is compatibility testing?
A: Compatibility testing is testing how well software performs in a particular hardware, software, operating system, or network
This test includes the inventory of configuration items, performed by the application's System Administration, the evaluation of data readiness, and dynamic tests focused on basic system functionality. When necessary, a sanity test is performed, following installation testing.
Q: What is security/penetration testing?
A: Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage.
This type of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.
Q: What is recovery/error testing?
A: Recovery/error testing is testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
Q: What is compatibility testing?
A: Compatibility testing is testing how well software performs in a particular hardware, software, operating system, or network
Q: What is comparison testing?
A: Comparison testing is testing that compares software weaknesses and strengths to those of competitors' products.
Q: What is acceptance testing?
A: Acceptance testing is black box testing that gives the client/customer/project manager the opportunity to verify the system functionality and usability prior to the system being released to production.
The acceptance test is the responsibility of the client/customer or project manager, however, it is conducted with the full support of the project team. The test team also works with the client/customer/project manager to develop the acceptance criteria.
Q: What is alpha testing?
A: Alpha testing is testing of an application when development is nearing completion. Minor design changes can still be made as a result of alpha testing. Alpha testing is typically performed by a group that is independent of the design team, but still within the company, e.g. in-house software test engineers, or software QA engineers.
Q: What is beta testing?
A: Beta testing is testing an application when development and testing are essentially completed and final bugs and problems need to be found before the final release. Beta testing is typically performed by end-users or others, not programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.
Q: What is a Test/QA Team Lead?
A: The Test/QA Team Lead coordinates the testing activity, communicates testing status to management and manages the test team.
Q: What testing roles are standard on most testing projects?
A: Depending on the organization, the following roles are more or less standard on most testing projects: Testers, Test Engineers, Test/QA Team Lead, Test/QA Manager, System Administrator, Database Administrator, Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.
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Q: What is a Test Engineer?
A: We, test engineers, are engineers who specialize in testing. We, test engineers, create test cases, procedures, scripts and generate data. We execute test procedures and scripts, analyze standards of measurements, evaluate results of system/integration/regression testing. We also...
• Speed up the work of the development staff;
• Reduce your organization's risk of legal liability;
• Give you the evidence that your software is correct and operates properly;
• Improve problem tracking and reporting;
• Maximize the value of your software;
• Maximize the value of the devices that use it;
• Assure the successful launch of your product by discovering bugs and design flaws, before users get discouraged, before shareholders loose their cool and before employees get bogged down;
• Help the work of your development staff, so the development team can devote its time to build up your product;
• Promote continual improvement;
• Provide documentation required by FDA, FAA, other regulatory agencies and your customers;
• Save money by discovering defects 'early' in the design process, before failures occur in production, or in the field;
• Save the reputation of your company by discovering bugs and design flaws; before bugs and design flaws damage the reputation of your company.
: What is a Test Build Manager?
A: Test Build Managers deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a Test Build Manager.
Q: What is a System Administrator?
A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators, Database Administrators deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a System Administrator.
Q: What is a Database Administrator?
A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators and Database Administrators deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a Database Administrator.
Q: What is a Technical Analyst?
A: Technical Analysts perform test assessments and validate system/functional test requirements. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of a Technical Analyst.
Q: What is a Test Configuration Manager?
A: Test Configuration Managers maintain test environments, scripts, software and test data. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of a Test Configuration Manager.
Q: What is a test schedule?
A: The test schedule is a schedule that identifies all tasks required for a successful testing effort, a schedule of all test activities and resource requirements.
Q: What is software testing methodology?
A: One software testing methodology is the use a three step process of...
1. Creating a test strategy;
2. Creating a test plan/design; and
3. Executing tests.
This methodology can be used and molded to your organization's needs. Rob Davis believes that using this methodology is important in the development and ongoing maintenance of his clients' applications.
Q: What is the general testing process?
A: The general testing process is the creation of a test strategy (which sometimes includes the creation of test cases), creation of a test plan/design (which usually includes test cases and test procedures) and the execution of tests.
Q: How do you create a test plan/design?
A: Test scenarios and/or cases are prepared by reviewing functional requirements of the release and preparing logical groups of functions that can be further broken into test procedures. Test procedures define test conditions, data to be used for testing and expected results, including database updates, file outputs, report results. Generally speaking...
• Test cases and scenarios are designed to represent both typical and unusual situations that may occur in the application.
• Test engineers define unit test requirements and unit test cases. Test engineers also execute unit test cases.
• It is the test team that, with assistance of developers and clients, develops test cases and scenarios for integration and system testing.
• Test scenarios are executed through the use of test procedures or scripts.
• Test procedures or scripts define a series of steps necessary to perform one or more test scenarios.
• Test procedures or scripts include the specific data that will be used for testing the process or transaction.
• Test procedures or scripts may cover multiple test scenarios.
• Test scripts are mapped back to the requirements and traceability matrices are used to ensure each test is within scope.
• Test data is captured and base lined, prior to testing. This data serves as the foundation for unit and system testing and used to exercise system functionality in a controlled environment.
• Some output data is also base-lined for future comparison. Base-lined data is used to support future application maintenance via regression testing.
• A pretest meeting is held to assess the readiness of the application and the environment and data to be tested. A test readiness document is created to indicate the status of the entrance criteria of the release.
Inputs for this process:
• Approved Test Strategy Document.
• Test tools, or automated test tools, if applicable.
• Previously developed scripts, if applicable.
• Test documentation problems uncovered as a result of testing.
• A good understanding of software complexity and module path coverage, derived from general and detailed design documents, e.g. software design document, source code, and software complexity data.
Outputs for this process:
• Approved documents of test scenarios, test cases, test conditions, and test data.
• Reports of software design issues, given to software developers for correction.
Q: How do you execute tests?
A: Execution of tests is completed by following the test documents in a methodical manner. As each test procedure is performed, an entry is recorded in a test execution log to note the execution of the procedure and whether or not the test procedure uncovered any defects. Checkpoint meetings are held throughout the execution phase. Checkpoint meetings are held daily, if required, to address and discuss testing issues, status and activities.
• The output from the execution of test procedures is known as test results. Test results are evaluated by test engineers to determine whether the expected results have been obtained. All discrepancies/anomalies are logged and discussed with the software team lead, hardware test lead, programmers, software engineers and documented for further investigation and resolution. Every company has a different process for logging and reporting bugs/defects uncovered during testing.
• A pass/fail criteria is used to determine the severity of a problem, and results are recorded in a test summary report. The severity of a problem, found during system testing, is defined in accordance to the customer's risk assessment and recorded in their selected tracking tool.
• Proposed fixes are delivered to the testing environment, based on the severity of the problem. Fixes are regression tested and flawless fixes are migrated to a new baseline. Following completion of the test, members of the test team prepare a summary report. The summary report is reviewed by the Project Manager, Software QA Manager and/or Test Team Lead.
• After a particular level of testing has been certified, it is the responsibility of the Configuration Manager to coordinate the migration of the release software components to the next test level, as documented in the Configuration Management Plan. The software is only migrated to the production environment after the Project Manager's formal acceptance.
• The test team reviews test document problems identified during testing, and update documents where appropriate.
Inputs for this process:
• Approved test documents, e.g. Test Plan, Test Cases, Test Procedures.
• Test tools, including automated test tools, if applicable.
• Developed scripts.
• Changes to the design, i.e. Change Request Documents.
• Test data.
• Availability of the test team and project team.
• General and Detailed Design Documents, i.e. Requirements Document, Software Design Document.
• A software that has been migrated to the test environment, i.e. unit tested code, via the Configuration/Build Manager.
• Test Readiness Document.
• Document Updates.
Outputs for this process:
• Log and summary of the test results. Usually this is part of the Test Report. This needs to be approved and signed-off with revised testing deliverables.
• Changes to the code, also known as test fixes.
• Test document problems uncovered as a result of testing. Examples are Requirements document and Design Document problems.
• Reports on software design issues, given to software developers for correction. Examples are bug reports on code issues.
• Formal record of test incidents, usually part of problem tracking.
• Base-lined package, also known as tested source and object code, ready for migration to the next level.
Q: How do you create a test strategy?
A: The test strategy is a formal description of how a software product will be tested. A test strategy is developed for all levels of testing, as required. The test team analyzes the requirements, writes the test strategy and reviews the plan with the project team. The test plan may include test cases, conditions, the test environment, a list of related tasks, pass/fail criteria and risk assessment.
Inputs for this process:
• A description of the required hardware and software components, including test tools. This information comes from the test environment, including test tool data.
• A description of roles and responsibilities of the resources required for the test and schedule constraints. This information comes from man-hours and schedules.
• Testing methodology. This is based on known standards.
• Functional and technical requirements of the application. This information comes from requirements, change request, technical and functional design documents.
• Requirements that the system can not provide, e.g. system limitations.
Outputs for this process:
• An approved and signed off test strategy document, test plan, including test cases.
• Testing issues requiring resolution. Usually this requires additional negotiation at the project management level.
Q: What is security clearance?
A: Security clearance is a process of determining your trustworthiness and reliability before granting you access to national security information.
Q: What are the levels of classified access?
A: The levels of classified access are confidential, secret, top secret, and sensitive compartmented information, of which top secret is the highest.
What's a 'test plan'?
A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach, and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the 'why' and 'how' of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful but not so thorough that no one outside the test group will read it. The following are some of the items that might be included in a test plan, depending on the particular project:
* Title
* Identification of software including version/release numbers.
* Revision history of document including authors, dates, approvals.
* Table of Contents.
* Purpose of document, intended audience
* Objective of testing effort
* Software product overview
* Relevant related document list, such as requirements, design documents, other test plans, etc.
* Relevant standards or legal requirements
* Traceability requirements
* Relevant naming conventions and identifier conventions
* Overall software project organization and personnel/contact-info/responsibilties
* Test organization and personnel/contact-info/responsibilities
* Assumptions and dependencies
* Project risk analysis
* Testing priorities and focus
* Scope and limitations of testing
* Test outline - a decomposition of the test approach by test type, feature, functionality, process, system, module, etc. as applicable
* Outline of data input equivalence classes, boundary value analysis, error classes
* Test environment - hardware, operating systems, other required software, data configurations, interfaces to other systems
* Test environment validity analysis - differences between the test and production systems and their impact on test validity.
* Test environment setup and configuration issues
* Software migration processes
* Software CM processes
• * Test data setup requirements
* Database setup requirements
* Outline of system-logging/error-logging/other capabilities, and tools such as screen capture software, that will be used to help describe and report bugs
* Discussion of any specialized software or hardware tools that will be used by testers to help track the cause or source of bugs
* Test automation - justification and overview
* Test tools to be used, including versions, patches, etc.
* Test script/test code maintenance processes and version control
* Problem tracking and resolution - tools and processes
* Project test metrics to be used
* Reporting requirements and testing deliverables
* Software entrance and exit criteria
* Initial sanity testing period and criteria
* Test suspension and restart criteria
* Personnel allocation
* Personnel pre-training needs
* Test site/location
* Outside test organizations to be utilized and their purpose, responsibilties, deliverables, contact persons, and coordination issues.
* Relevant proprietary, classified, security, and licensing issues.
* Open issues
* Appendix - glossary, acronyms, etc.
What's a 'test case'?
* A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and an expected response, to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly. A test case should contain particulars such as test case identifier, test case name, objective, test conditions/setup, input data requirements, steps, and expected results.
* Note that the process of developing test cases can help find problems in the requirements or design of an application, since it requires completely thinking through the operation of the application. For this reason, it's useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle if possible.
What should be done after a bug is found?
* The bug needs to be communicated and assigned to developers that can fix it. After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested, and determinations made regarding requirements for regression testing to check that fixes didn't create problems elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is in place, it should encapsulate these processes. A variety of commercial problem-tracking/management software tools are available (see the 'Tools' section for web resources with listings of such tools). The following are items to consider in the tracking process:
* Complete information such that developers can understand the bug, get an idea of it's severity, and reproduce it if necessary.
* Bug identifier (number, ID, etc.)
* Current bug status (e.g., 'Released for Retest', 'New', etc.)
* The application name or identifier and version
* The function, module, feature, object, screen, etc. where the bug occurred
* Environment specifics, system, platform, relevant hardware specifics
* Test case name/number/identifier
* One-line bug description
* Full bug description
* Description of steps needed to reproduce the bug if not covered by a test case or if the developer doesn't have easy access to the test case/test script/test tool
* Names and/or descriptions of file/data/messages/etc. used in test
* File excerpts/error messages/log file excerpts/screen shots/test tool logs that would be helpful in finding the cause of the problem
* Severity estimate (a 5-level range such as 1-5 or 'critical'-to-'low' is common)
* Was the bug reproducible?
* Tester name
* Test date
* Bug reporting date
* Name of developer/group/organization the problem is assigned to
* Description of problem cause
* Description of fix
* Code section/file/module/class/method that was fixed
* Date of fix
* Application version that contains the fix
* Tester responsible for retest
* Retest date
* Retest results
* Regression testing requirements
* Tester responsible for regression tests
* Regression testing results
* A reporting or tracking process should enable notification of appropriate personnel at various stages. For instance, testers need to know when retesting is needed, developers need to know when bugs are found and how to get the needed information, and reporting/summary capabilities are needed for managers.
What if the software is so buggy it can't really be tested at all?
* The best bet in this situation is for the testers to go through the process of reporting whatever bugs or blocking-type problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs. Since this type of problem can severely affect schedules, and indicates deeper problems in the software development process (such as insufficient unit testing or insufficient integration testing, poor design, improper build or release procedures, etc.) managers should be notified, and provided with some documentation as evidence of the problem.
How can it be known when to stop testing?
This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex, and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Common factors in deciding when to stop are:
* Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc.)
* Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
* Test budget depleted
* Coverage of code/functionality/requirements reaches a specified point
* Bug rate falls below a certain level
* Beta or alpha testing period ends
What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?
* Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused. Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is appropriate to most software development projects. This requires judgement skills, common sense, and experience. (If warranted, formal methods are also available.) Considerations can include:
* Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?
* Which functionality is most visible to the user?
* Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
* Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
* Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
* Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?
* Which parts of the code are most complex, and thus most subject to errors?
* Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
* Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
* Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?
* Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?
* What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
* What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
* What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?
* What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
* Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?
What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive testing?
* Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However, if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the same considerations as described previously in 'What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?' apply. The tester might then do ad hoc testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.
What can be done if requirements are changing continuously?
A common problem and a major headache
* Work with the project's stakeholders early on to understand how requirements might change so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance, if possible.
* It's helpful if the application's initial design allows for some adaptability so that later changes do not require redoing the application from scratch.
* If the code is well-commented and well-documented this makes changes easier for the developers.
* Use rapid prototyping whenever possible to help customers feel sure of their requirements and minimize changes.
* The project's initial schedule should allow for some extra time commensurate with the possibility of changes.
* Try to move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application, while using the original requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.
* Negotiate to allow only easily-implemented new requirements into the project, while moving more difficult new requirements into future versions of the application.
* Be sure that customers and management understand the scheduling impacts, inherent risks, and costs of significant requirements changes. Then let management or the customers (not the developers or testers) decide if the changes are warranted - after all, that's their job.
* Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected effort required to re-do them to deal with changes.
* Try to design some flexibility into automated test scripts.
* Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely to remain unchanged.
* Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes to minimize regression testing needs.
* Design some flexibility into test cases (this is not easily done; the best bet might be to minimize the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level generic-type test plans)
* Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad hoc testing (with an understanding of the added risk that this entails).
• What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the requirements?
* It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected or hidden functionality, and it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process. If the functionality isn't necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it may have unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the designer or the customer. If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing needs or regression testing needs. Management should be made aware of any significant added risks as a result of the unexpected functionality. If the functionality only effects areas such as minor improvements in the user interface, for example, it may not be a significant risk.
How can QA processes be implemented without stifling productivity?
* By implementing QA processes slowly over time, using consensus to reach agreement on processes, and adjusting and experimenting as an organization grows and matures, productivity will be improved instead of stifled. Problem prevention will lessen the need for problem detection, panics and burn-out will decrease, and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort. At the same time, attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient, minimize paperwork, promote computer-based processes and automated tracking and reporting, minimize time required in meetings, and promote training as part of the QA process. However, no one - especially talented technical types - likes rules or bureacracy, and in the short run things may slow down a bit. A typical scenario would be that more days of planning and development will be needed, but less time will be required for late-night bug-fixing and calming of irate customers. (See the Books section's 'Software QA', 'Software Engineering', and 'Project Management' categories for useful books with more information.)
What if an organization is growing so fast that fixed QA processes are impossible
* This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new technology areas. There is no easy solution in this situation, other than:
* Hire good people
* Management should 'ruthlessly prioritize' quality issues and maintain focus on the customer
* Everyone in the organization should be clear on what 'quality' means to the customer
How does a client/server environment affect testing?
* Client/server applications can be quite complex due to the multiple dependencies among clients, data communications, hardware, and servers. Thus testing requirements can be extensive. When time is limited (as it usually is) the focus should be on integration and system testing. Additionally, load/stress/performance testing may be useful in determining client/server application limitations and capabilities. There are commercial tools to assist with such testing. (See the 'Tools' section for web resources with listings that include these kinds of test tools.)
How can World Wide Web sites be tested?
* Web sites are essentially client/server applications - with web servers and 'browser' clients. Consideration should be given to the interactions between html pages, TCP/IP communications, Internet connections, firewalls, applications that run in web pages (such as applets, javascript, plug-in applications), and applications that run on the server side (such as cgi scripts, database interfaces, logging applications, dynamic page generators, asp, etc.). Additionally, there are a wide variety of servers and browsers, various versions of each, small but sometimes significant differences between them, variations in connection speeds, rapidly changing technologies, and multiple standards and protocols. The end result is that
• testing for web sites can become a major ongoing effort. Other considerations might include:
How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
* What are the expected loads on the server (e.g., number of hits per unit time?), and what kind of performance is required under such loads (such as web server response time, database query response times). What kinds of tools will be needed for performance testing (such as web load testing tools, other tools already in house that can be adapted, web robot downloading tools, etc.)?
* Who is the target audience? What kind of browsers will they be using? What kind of connection speeds will they by using? Are they intra- organization (thus with likely high connection speeds and similar browsers) or Internet-wide (thus with a wide variety of connection speeds and browser types)?
* What kind of performance is expected on the client side (e.g., how fast should pages appear, how fast should animations, applets, etc. load and run)?
* Will down time for server and content maintenance/upgrades be allowed? how much?
* Will down time for server and content maintenance/upgrades be allowed? how much?
* How reliable are the site's Internet connections required to be? And how does that affect backup system or redundant connection requirements and testing?
* What processes will be required to manage updates to the web site's content, and what are the requirements for maintaining, tracking, and controlling page content, graphics, links, etc.?
* Which HTML specification will be adhered to? How strictly? What variations will be allowed for targeted browsers?
* Will there be any standards or requirements for page appearance and/or graphics throughout a site or parts of a site?
* How will internal and external links be validated and updated? how often?
* Can testing be done on the production system, or will a separate test system be required? How are browser caching, variations in browser option settings, dial-up connection variabilities, and real-world internet 'traffic congestion' problems to be accounted for in testing?
* How extensive or customized are the server logging and reporting requirements; are they considered an integral part of the system and do they require testing?
* How are cgi programs, applets, javascripts, ActiveX components, etc. to be maintained, tracked, controlled, and tested?
* Pages should be 3-5 screens max unless content is tightly focused on a single topic. If larger, provide internal links within the page.
* The page layouts and design elements should be consistent throughout a site, so that it's clear to the user that they're still within a site.
* Pages should be as browser-independent as possible, or pages should be provided or generated based on the browser-type.
* All pages should have links external to the page; there should be no dead-end pages.
* The page owner, revision date, and a link to a contact person or organization should be included on each page.
What is Extreme Programming and what's it got to do with testing?
* Extreme Programming (XP) is a software development approach for small teams on risk-prone projects with unstable requirements. It was created by Kent Beck who described the approach in his book 'Extreme Programming Explained' (See the Softwareqatest.com Books page.). Testing ('extreme testing') is a core aspect of Extreme Programming. Programmers are expected to write unit and functional test code first - before the application is developed. Test code is under source control along with the rest of the code. Customers are expected to be an integral part of the project team and to help develope scenarios for acceptance/black box testing. Acceptance tests are preferably automated, and are modified and rerun for each of the frequent development iterations. QA and test personnel are also required to be an integral part of the project team. Detailed requirements documentation is not used, and frequent re-scheduling, re-estimating, and re-prioritizing is expected.
A: It depends on the size of the organization and the risks involved. For large organizations with high-risk projects, a serious management buy-in is required and a formalized QA process is necessary. For medium size organizations with lower risk projects, management and organizational buy-in and a slower, step-by-step process is required. Generally speaking, QA processes should be balanced with productivity, in order to keep any bureaucracy from getting out of hand. For smaller groups or projects, an ad-hoc process is more appropriate. A lot depends on team leads and managers, feedback to developers and good communication is essential among customers, managers, developers, test engineers and testers. Regardless the size of the company, the greatest value for effort is in managing requirement processes, where the goal is requirements that are clear, complete and
testable.
Q: What is the role of documentation in QA?
A: Documentation plays a critical role in QA. QA practices should be documented, so that they are repeatable. Specifications, designs, business rules, inspection reports, configurations, code changes, test plans, test cases, bug reports, user manuals should all be documented. Ideally, there should be a system for easily finding and obtaining of documents and determining what document will have a particular piece of information. Use documentation change management, if possible.
Q: What makes a good test engineer?
A: Good test engineers have a "test to break" attitude. We, good test engineers, take the point of view of the customer; have a strong desire for quality and an attention to detail. Tact and diplomacy are useful in maintaining a cooperative relationship with developers and an ability to communicate with both technical and non-technical people. Previous software development experience is also helpful as it provides a deeper understanding of the software development process, gives the test engineer an appreciation for the developers' point of view and reduces the learning curve in automated test tool programming.
Rob Davis is a good test engineer because he has a "test to break" attitude, takes the point of view of the customer, has a strong desire for quality, has an attention to detail, He's also tactful and diplomatic and has good a communication skill, both oral and written. And he has previous software development experience, too.
Q: What is a test plan?
A: A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the why and how of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful, but not so thorough that none outside the test group will be able to read it.
Q: What is a test case?
A: A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and its expected result, in order to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly. A test case should contain particulars such as a...
• Test case identifier;
• Test case name;
• Objective;
• Test conditions/setup;
• Input data requirements/steps, and
• Expected results.
Please note, the process of developing test cases can help find problems in the requirements or design of an application, since it requires you to completely think through the operation of the application. For this reason, it is useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle, if possible.
Q: What should be done after a bug is found?
A: When a bug is found, it needs to be communicated and assigned to developers that can fix it. After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested. Additionally, determinations should be made regarding requirements, software, hardware, safety impact, etc., for regression testing to check the fixes didn't create other problems elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is in place, it should encapsulate these determinations. A variety of commercial, problem-tracking/management software tools are available. These tools, with the detailed input of software test engineers, will give the team complete information so developers can understand the bug, get an idea of its severity, reproduce it and fix it.
Q: What is configuration management?
A: Configuration management (CM) covers the tools and processes used to control, coordinate and track code, requirements, documentation, problems, change requests, designs, tools, compilers, libraries, patches, changes made to them and who makes the changes. Rob Davis has had experience with a full range of CM tools and concepts, and can easily adapt to your software tool and process needs.
Q: What if the software is so buggy it can't be tested at all?
A: In this situation the best bet is to have test engineers go through the process of reporting whatever bugs or problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs.
Since this type of problem can severely affect schedules and indicates deeper problems in the software development process, such as insufficient unit testing, insufficient integration testing, poor design, improper build or release procedures, managers should be notified and provided with some documentation as evidence of the problem.
Q: What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?
A: Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is appropriate to most software development projects.
Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused. This requires judgment skills, common sense and experience. The checklist should include answers to the following questions:
• Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?
• Which functionality is most visible to the user?
• Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
• Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
• Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
• Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?
• Which parts of the code are most complex and thus most subject to errors?
• Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
• Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
• Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?
• Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?
• What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
• What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
• What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?
• What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
• Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?
Q: What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive testing?
A: Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However, if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the considerations listed under "What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?" do apply. The test engineer then should do "ad hoc" testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.
Q: What can be done if requirements are changing continuously?
A: Work with management early on to understand how requirements might change, so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance. It is helpful if the application's initial design allows for some adaptability, so that later changes do not require redoing the application from scratch. Additionally, try to...
• Ensure the code is well commented and well documented; this makes changes easier for the developers.
• Use rapid prototyping whenever possible; this will help customers feel sure of their requirements and minimize changes.
• In the project's initial schedule, allow for some extra time to commensurate with probable changes.
Move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application and use the original requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.
Negotiate to allow only easily implemented new requirements into the project.
• Ensure customers and management understand scheduling impacts, inherent risks and costs of significant requirements changes. Then let management or the customers decide if the changes are warranted; after all, that's their job.
• Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected effort required to redo them to deal with changes.
• Design some flexibility into automated test scripts;
• Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely to remain unchanged;
• Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes, in order to minimize regression-testing needs;
• Design some flexibility into test cases; this is not easily done; the best bet is to minimize the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level generic-type test plans;
Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad-hoc testing with an understanding of the added risk this entails.
Q: How do you know when to stop testing?
A: This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Common factors in deciding when to stop are...
• Deadlines, e.g. release deadlines, testing deadlines;
• Test cases completed with certain percentage passed;
• Test budget has been depleted;
• Coverage of code, functionality, or requirements reaches a specified point;
• Bug rate falls below a certain level; or
• Beta or alpha testing period ends.
Q: What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the requirements?
A: It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected or hidden functionality, which it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process. If the functionality isn't necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it may have unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the designer or the customer.
If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing needs or regression testing needs. Management should be made aware of any significant added risks as a result of the unexpected functionality. If the functionality only affects areas, such as minor improvements in the user interface, it may not be a significant risk.
Q: How can software QA processes be implemented without stifling productivity?
A: Implement QA processes slowly over time. Use consensus to reach agreement on processes and adjust and experiment as an organization grows and matures. Productivity will be improved instead of stifled. Problem prevention will lessen the need for problem detection. Panics and burnout will decrease and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort.
At the same time, attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient, minimize paperwork, promote computer-based processes and automated tracking and reporting, minimize time required in meetings and promote training as part of the QA process.
However, no one, especially talented technical types, like bureaucracy and in the short run things may slow down a bit. A typical scenario would be that more days of planning and development will be needed, but less time will be required for late-night bug fixing and calming of irate customers.
Q: What if the organization is growing so fast that fixed QA processes are impossible?
A: This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new technology areas. There is no easy solution in this situation, other than...
• Hire good people (i.e. hire Rob Davis)
• Ruthlessly prioritize quality issues and maintain focus on the customer;
• Everyone in the organization should be clear on what quality means to the customer.
Q: Why do you recommend that we test during the design phase?
A: Because testing during the design phase can prevent defects later on. We recommend verifying three things...
1. Verify the design is good, efficient, compact, testable and maintainable.
2. Verify the design meets the requirements and is complete (specifies all relationships between modules, how to pass data, what happens in exceptional circumstances, starting state of each module and how to guarantee the state of each module).
3. Verify the design incorporates enough memory, I/O devices and quick enough runtime for the final product.
Q: What is software quality assurance?
A: Software Quality Assurance, when Rob Davis does it, is oriented to *prevention*. It involves the entire software development process. Prevention is monitoring and improving the process, making sure any agreed-upon standards and procedures are followed and ensuring problems are found and dealt with.
Software Testing, when performed by Rob Davis, is also oriented to *detection*. Testing involves the operation of a system or application under controlled conditions and evaluating the results.
Rob Davis can provide QA/testing service. This document details some aspects of how he can provide software testing/QA service. For more information, e-mail rob@robdavispe.com.
Organizations vary considerably in how they assign responsibility for QA and testing. Sometimes they're the combined responsibility of one group or individual.
Also common are project teams, which include a mix of test engineers, testers and developers, who work closely together, with overall QA processes monitored by project managers.
Software quality assurance depends on what best fits your organization's size and business structure.
Q: How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
A: A well-engineered object-oriented design can make it easier to trace from code to internal design to functional design to requirements. While there will be little affect on black box testing (where an understanding of the internal design of the application is unnecessary), white-box testing can be oriented to the application's objects. If the application was well designed this can simplify test design.
Q: What is quality assurance?
A: Quality Assurance ensures all parties concerned with the project adhere to the process and procedures, standards and templates and test readiness reviews.
Rob Davis' QA service depends on the customers and projects. A lot will depend on team leads or managers, feedback to developers and communications among customers, managers, developers' test engineers and testers.
Q: What is black box testing?
A: Black box testing is functional testing, not based on any knowledge of internal software design or code. Black box testing are based on requirements and functionality.
Q: What is white box testing?
A: White box testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths and conditions.
Q: What is unit testing?
A: Unit testing is the first level of dynamic testing and is first the responsibility of developers and then that of the test engineers.
Unit testing is performed after the expected test results are met or differences are explainable/acceptable.
Q: What is functional testing?
A: Functional testing is black-box type of testing geared to functional requirements of an application. Test engineers *should* perform functional testing.
Q: What is usability testing?
A: Usability testing is testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective and depends on the targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions and other techniques can be used. Programmers and developers are usually not appropriate as usability testers.
Q: What is incremental integration testing?
A: Incremental integration testing is continuous testing of an application as new functionality is recommended. This may require that various aspects of an application's functionality are independent enough to work separately, before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers are developed as needed.
Incremental testing may be performed by programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.
Q: What is parallel/audit testing?
A: Parallel/audit testing is testing where the user reconciles the output of the new system to the output of the current system to verify the new system performs the operations correctly.
Q: What is integration testing?
A: Upon completion of unit testing, integration testing begins. Integration testing is black box testing. The purpose of integration testing is to ensure distinct components of the application still work in accordance to customer requirements.
Test cases are developed with the express purpose of exercising the interfaces between the components. This activity is carried out by the test team.
Integration testing is considered complete, when actual results and expected results are either in line or differences are explainable/acceptable based on client input.
Q: What is system testing?
A: System testing is black box testing, performed by the Test Team, and at the start of the system testing the complete system is configured in a controlled environment.
The purpose of system testing is to validate an application's accuracy and completeness in performing the functions as designed.
System testing simulates real life scenarios that occur in a "simulated real life" test environment and test all functions of the system that are required in real life.
System testing is deemed complete when actual results and expected results are either in line or differences are explainable or acceptable, based on client input.
Upon completion of integration testing, system testing is started. Before system testing, all unit and integration test results are reviewed by Software QA to ensure all problems have been resolved. For a higher level of testing it is important to understand unresolved problems that originate at unit and integration test levels.
You CAN learn system testing, with little or no outside help. Get CAN get free information. Click on a link!
Q: What is end-to-end testing?
A: Similar to system testing, the *macro* end of the test scale is testing a complete application in a situation that mimics real world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communication, or interacting with other hardware, application, or system.
Q: What is regression testing?
A: The objective of regression testing is to ensure the software remains intact. A baseline set of data and scripts is maintained and executed to verify changes introduced during the release have not "undone" any previous code. Expected results from the baseline are compared to results of the software under test. All discrepancies are highlighted and accounted for, before testing proceeds to the next level.
Q: What is sanity testing?
A: Sanity testing is performed whenever cursory testing is sufficient to prove the application is functioning according to specifications. This level of testing is a subset of regression testing.
It normally includes a set of core tests of basic GUI functionality to demonstrate connectivity to the database, application servers, printers, etc.
Q: What is performance testing?
A: Although performance testing is described as a part of system testing, it can be regarded as a distinct level of testing. Performance testing verifies loads, volumes and response times, as defined by requirements.
Q: What is load testing?
A: Load testing is testing an application under heavy loads, such as the testing of a web site under a range of loads to determine at what point the system response time will degrade or fail.
Q: What is installation testing?
A: Installation testing is testing full, partial, upgrade, or install/uninstall processes. The installation test for a release is conducted with the objective of demonstrating production readiness.
This test includes the inventory of configuration items, performed by the application's System Administration, the evaluation of data readiness, and dynamic tests focused on basic system functionality. When necessary, a sanity test is performed, following installation testing.
Q: What is security/penetration testing?
A: Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage.
This type of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.
Q: What is recovery/error testing?
A: Recovery/error testing is testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
Q: What is compatibility testing?
A: Compatibility testing is testing how well software performs in a particular hardware, software, operating system, or network
This test includes the inventory of configuration items, performed by the application's System Administration, the evaluation of data readiness, and dynamic tests focused on basic system functionality. When necessary, a sanity test is performed, following installation testing.
Q: What is security/penetration testing?
A: Security/penetration testing is testing how well the system is protected against unauthorized internal or external access, or willful damage.
This type of testing usually requires sophisticated testing techniques.
Q: What is recovery/error testing?
A: Recovery/error testing is testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
Q: What is compatibility testing?
A: Compatibility testing is testing how well software performs in a particular hardware, software, operating system, or network
Q: What is comparison testing?
A: Comparison testing is testing that compares software weaknesses and strengths to those of competitors' products.
Q: What is acceptance testing?
A: Acceptance testing is black box testing that gives the client/customer/project manager the opportunity to verify the system functionality and usability prior to the system being released to production.
The acceptance test is the responsibility of the client/customer or project manager, however, it is conducted with the full support of the project team. The test team also works with the client/customer/project manager to develop the acceptance criteria.
Q: What is alpha testing?
A: Alpha testing is testing of an application when development is nearing completion. Minor design changes can still be made as a result of alpha testing. Alpha testing is typically performed by a group that is independent of the design team, but still within the company, e.g. in-house software test engineers, or software QA engineers.
Q: What is beta testing?
A: Beta testing is testing an application when development and testing are essentially completed and final bugs and problems need to be found before the final release. Beta testing is typically performed by end-users or others, not programmers, software engineers, or test engineers.
Q: What is a Test/QA Team Lead?
A: The Test/QA Team Lead coordinates the testing activity, communicates testing status to management and manages the test team.
Q: What testing roles are standard on most testing projects?
A: Depending on the organization, the following roles are more or less standard on most testing projects: Testers, Test Engineers, Test/QA Team Lead, Test/QA Manager, System Administrator, Database Administrator, Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of Technical Analyst, Test Build Manager and Test Configuration Manager.
You CAN get a job in testing. Click on a link!
Q: What is a Test Engineer?
A: We, test engineers, are engineers who specialize in testing. We, test engineers, create test cases, procedures, scripts and generate data. We execute test procedures and scripts, analyze standards of measurements, evaluate results of system/integration/regression testing. We also...
• Speed up the work of the development staff;
• Reduce your organization's risk of legal liability;
• Give you the evidence that your software is correct and operates properly;
• Improve problem tracking and reporting;
• Maximize the value of your software;
• Maximize the value of the devices that use it;
• Assure the successful launch of your product by discovering bugs and design flaws, before users get discouraged, before shareholders loose their cool and before employees get bogged down;
• Help the work of your development staff, so the development team can devote its time to build up your product;
• Promote continual improvement;
• Provide documentation required by FDA, FAA, other regulatory agencies and your customers;
• Save money by discovering defects 'early' in the design process, before failures occur in production, or in the field;
• Save the reputation of your company by discovering bugs and design flaws; before bugs and design flaws damage the reputation of your company.
: What is a Test Build Manager?
A: Test Build Managers deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a Test Build Manager.
Q: What is a System Administrator?
A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators, Database Administrators deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware.
Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a System Administrator.
Q: What is a Database Administrator?
A: Test Build Managers, System Administrators and Database Administrators deliver current software versions to the test environment, install the application's software and apply software patches, to both the application and the operating system, set-up, maintain and back up test environment hardware. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, a Test Engineer may also wear the hat of a Database Administrator.
Q: What is a Technical Analyst?
A: Technical Analysts perform test assessments and validate system/functional test requirements. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of a Technical Analyst.
Q: What is a Test Configuration Manager?
A: Test Configuration Managers maintain test environments, scripts, software and test data. Depending on the project, one person may wear more than one hat. For instance, Test Engineers may also wear the hat of a Test Configuration Manager.
Q: What is a test schedule?
A: The test schedule is a schedule that identifies all tasks required for a successful testing effort, a schedule of all test activities and resource requirements.
Q: What is software testing methodology?
A: One software testing methodology is the use a three step process of...
1. Creating a test strategy;
2. Creating a test plan/design; and
3. Executing tests.
This methodology can be used and molded to your organization's needs. Rob Davis believes that using this methodology is important in the development and ongoing maintenance of his clients' applications.
Q: What is the general testing process?
A: The general testing process is the creation of a test strategy (which sometimes includes the creation of test cases), creation of a test plan/design (which usually includes test cases and test procedures) and the execution of tests.
Q: How do you create a test plan/design?
A: Test scenarios and/or cases are prepared by reviewing functional requirements of the release and preparing logical groups of functions that can be further broken into test procedures. Test procedures define test conditions, data to be used for testing and expected results, including database updates, file outputs, report results. Generally speaking...
• Test cases and scenarios are designed to represent both typical and unusual situations that may occur in the application.
• Test engineers define unit test requirements and unit test cases. Test engineers also execute unit test cases.
• It is the test team that, with assistance of developers and clients, develops test cases and scenarios for integration and system testing.
• Test scenarios are executed through the use of test procedures or scripts.
• Test procedures or scripts define a series of steps necessary to perform one or more test scenarios.
• Test procedures or scripts include the specific data that will be used for testing the process or transaction.
• Test procedures or scripts may cover multiple test scenarios.
• Test scripts are mapped back to the requirements and traceability matrices are used to ensure each test is within scope.
• Test data is captured and base lined, prior to testing. This data serves as the foundation for unit and system testing and used to exercise system functionality in a controlled environment.
• Some output data is also base-lined for future comparison. Base-lined data is used to support future application maintenance via regression testing.
• A pretest meeting is held to assess the readiness of the application and the environment and data to be tested. A test readiness document is created to indicate the status of the entrance criteria of the release.
Inputs for this process:
• Approved Test Strategy Document.
• Test tools, or automated test tools, if applicable.
• Previously developed scripts, if applicable.
• Test documentation problems uncovered as a result of testing.
• A good understanding of software complexity and module path coverage, derived from general and detailed design documents, e.g. software design document, source code, and software complexity data.
Outputs for this process:
• Approved documents of test scenarios, test cases, test conditions, and test data.
• Reports of software design issues, given to software developers for correction.
Q: How do you execute tests?
A: Execution of tests is completed by following the test documents in a methodical manner. As each test procedure is performed, an entry is recorded in a test execution log to note the execution of the procedure and whether or not the test procedure uncovered any defects. Checkpoint meetings are held throughout the execution phase. Checkpoint meetings are held daily, if required, to address and discuss testing issues, status and activities.
• The output from the execution of test procedures is known as test results. Test results are evaluated by test engineers to determine whether the expected results have been obtained. All discrepancies/anomalies are logged and discussed with the software team lead, hardware test lead, programmers, software engineers and documented for further investigation and resolution. Every company has a different process for logging and reporting bugs/defects uncovered during testing.
• A pass/fail criteria is used to determine the severity of a problem, and results are recorded in a test summary report. The severity of a problem, found during system testing, is defined in accordance to the customer's risk assessment and recorded in their selected tracking tool.
• Proposed fixes are delivered to the testing environment, based on the severity of the problem. Fixes are regression tested and flawless fixes are migrated to a new baseline. Following completion of the test, members of the test team prepare a summary report. The summary report is reviewed by the Project Manager, Software QA Manager and/or Test Team Lead.
• After a particular level of testing has been certified, it is the responsibility of the Configuration Manager to coordinate the migration of the release software components to the next test level, as documented in the Configuration Management Plan. The software is only migrated to the production environment after the Project Manager's formal acceptance.
• The test team reviews test document problems identified during testing, and update documents where appropriate.
Inputs for this process:
• Approved test documents, e.g. Test Plan, Test Cases, Test Procedures.
• Test tools, including automated test tools, if applicable.
• Developed scripts.
• Changes to the design, i.e. Change Request Documents.
• Test data.
• Availability of the test team and project team.
• General and Detailed Design Documents, i.e. Requirements Document, Software Design Document.
• A software that has been migrated to the test environment, i.e. unit tested code, via the Configuration/Build Manager.
• Test Readiness Document.
• Document Updates.
Outputs for this process:
• Log and summary of the test results. Usually this is part of the Test Report. This needs to be approved and signed-off with revised testing deliverables.
• Changes to the code, also known as test fixes.
• Test document problems uncovered as a result of testing. Examples are Requirements document and Design Document problems.
• Reports on software design issues, given to software developers for correction. Examples are bug reports on code issues.
• Formal record of test incidents, usually part of problem tracking.
• Base-lined package, also known as tested source and object code, ready for migration to the next level.
Q: How do you create a test strategy?
A: The test strategy is a formal description of how a software product will be tested. A test strategy is developed for all levels of testing, as required. The test team analyzes the requirements, writes the test strategy and reviews the plan with the project team. The test plan may include test cases, conditions, the test environment, a list of related tasks, pass/fail criteria and risk assessment.
Inputs for this process:
• A description of the required hardware and software components, including test tools. This information comes from the test environment, including test tool data.
• A description of roles and responsibilities of the resources required for the test and schedule constraints. This information comes from man-hours and schedules.
• Testing methodology. This is based on known standards.
• Functional and technical requirements of the application. This information comes from requirements, change request, technical and functional design documents.
• Requirements that the system can not provide, e.g. system limitations.
Outputs for this process:
• An approved and signed off test strategy document, test plan, including test cases.
• Testing issues requiring resolution. Usually this requires additional negotiation at the project management level.
Q: What is security clearance?
A: Security clearance is a process of determining your trustworthiness and reliability before granting you access to national security information.
Q: What are the levels of classified access?
A: The levels of classified access are confidential, secret, top secret, and sensitive compartmented information, of which top secret is the highest.
What's a 'test plan'?
A software project test plan is a document that describes the objectives, scope, approach, and focus of a software testing effort. The process of preparing a test plan is a useful way to think through the efforts needed to validate the acceptability of a software product. The completed document will help people outside the test group understand the 'why' and 'how' of product validation. It should be thorough enough to be useful but not so thorough that no one outside the test group will read it. The following are some of the items that might be included in a test plan, depending on the particular project:
* Title
* Identification of software including version/release numbers.
* Revision history of document including authors, dates, approvals.
* Table of Contents.
* Purpose of document, intended audience
* Objective of testing effort
* Software product overview
* Relevant related document list, such as requirements, design documents, other test plans, etc.
* Relevant standards or legal requirements
* Traceability requirements
* Relevant naming conventions and identifier conventions
* Overall software project organization and personnel/contact-info/responsibilties
* Test organization and personnel/contact-info/responsibilities
* Assumptions and dependencies
* Project risk analysis
* Testing priorities and focus
* Scope and limitations of testing
* Test outline - a decomposition of the test approach by test type, feature, functionality, process, system, module, etc. as applicable
* Outline of data input equivalence classes, boundary value analysis, error classes
* Test environment - hardware, operating systems, other required software, data configurations, interfaces to other systems
* Test environment validity analysis - differences between the test and production systems and their impact on test validity.
* Test environment setup and configuration issues
* Software migration processes
* Software CM processes
• * Test data setup requirements
* Database setup requirements
* Outline of system-logging/error-logging/other capabilities, and tools such as screen capture software, that will be used to help describe and report bugs
* Discussion of any specialized software or hardware tools that will be used by testers to help track the cause or source of bugs
* Test automation - justification and overview
* Test tools to be used, including versions, patches, etc.
* Test script/test code maintenance processes and version control
* Problem tracking and resolution - tools and processes
* Project test metrics to be used
* Reporting requirements and testing deliverables
* Software entrance and exit criteria
* Initial sanity testing period and criteria
* Test suspension and restart criteria
* Personnel allocation
* Personnel pre-training needs
* Test site/location
* Outside test organizations to be utilized and their purpose, responsibilties, deliverables, contact persons, and coordination issues.
* Relevant proprietary, classified, security, and licensing issues.
* Open issues
* Appendix - glossary, acronyms, etc.
What's a 'test case'?
* A test case is a document that describes an input, action, or event and an expected response, to determine if a feature of an application is working correctly. A test case should contain particulars such as test case identifier, test case name, objective, test conditions/setup, input data requirements, steps, and expected results.
* Note that the process of developing test cases can help find problems in the requirements or design of an application, since it requires completely thinking through the operation of the application. For this reason, it's useful to prepare test cases early in the development cycle if possible.
What should be done after a bug is found?
* The bug needs to be communicated and assigned to developers that can fix it. After the problem is resolved, fixes should be re-tested, and determinations made regarding requirements for regression testing to check that fixes didn't create problems elsewhere. If a problem-tracking system is in place, it should encapsulate these processes. A variety of commercial problem-tracking/management software tools are available (see the 'Tools' section for web resources with listings of such tools). The following are items to consider in the tracking process:
* Complete information such that developers can understand the bug, get an idea of it's severity, and reproduce it if necessary.
* Bug identifier (number, ID, etc.)
* Current bug status (e.g., 'Released for Retest', 'New', etc.)
* The application name or identifier and version
* The function, module, feature, object, screen, etc. where the bug occurred
* Environment specifics, system, platform, relevant hardware specifics
* Test case name/number/identifier
* One-line bug description
* Full bug description
* Description of steps needed to reproduce the bug if not covered by a test case or if the developer doesn't have easy access to the test case/test script/test tool
* Names and/or descriptions of file/data/messages/etc. used in test
* File excerpts/error messages/log file excerpts/screen shots/test tool logs that would be helpful in finding the cause of the problem
* Severity estimate (a 5-level range such as 1-5 or 'critical'-to-'low' is common)
* Was the bug reproducible?
* Tester name
* Test date
* Bug reporting date
* Name of developer/group/organization the problem is assigned to
* Description of problem cause
* Description of fix
* Code section/file/module/class/method that was fixed
* Date of fix
* Application version that contains the fix
* Tester responsible for retest
* Retest date
* Retest results
* Regression testing requirements
* Tester responsible for regression tests
* Regression testing results
* A reporting or tracking process should enable notification of appropriate personnel at various stages. For instance, testers need to know when retesting is needed, developers need to know when bugs are found and how to get the needed information, and reporting/summary capabilities are needed for managers.
What if the software is so buggy it can't really be tested at all?
* The best bet in this situation is for the testers to go through the process of reporting whatever bugs or blocking-type problems initially show up, with the focus being on critical bugs. Since this type of problem can severely affect schedules, and indicates deeper problems in the software development process (such as insufficient unit testing or insufficient integration testing, poor design, improper build or release procedures, etc.) managers should be notified, and provided with some documentation as evidence of the problem.
How can it be known when to stop testing?
This can be difficult to determine. Many modern software applications are so complex, and run in such an interdependent environment, that complete testing can never be done. Common factors in deciding when to stop are:
* Deadlines (release deadlines, testing deadlines, etc.)
* Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
* Test budget depleted
* Coverage of code/functionality/requirements reaches a specified point
* Bug rate falls below a certain level
* Beta or alpha testing period ends
What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?
* Use risk analysis to determine where testing should be focused. Since it's rarely possible to test every possible aspect of an application, every possible combination of events, every dependency, or everything that could go wrong, risk analysis is appropriate to most software development projects. This requires judgement skills, common sense, and experience. (If warranted, formal methods are also available.) Considerations can include:
* Which functionality is most important to the project's intended purpose?
* Which functionality is most visible to the user?
* Which functionality has the largest safety impact?
* Which functionality has the largest financial impact on users?
* Which aspects of the application are most important to the customer?
* Which aspects of the application can be tested early in the development cycle?
* Which parts of the code are most complex, and thus most subject to errors?
* Which parts of the application were developed in rush or panic mode?
* Which aspects of similar/related previous projects caused problems?
* Which aspects of similar/related previous projects had large maintenance expenses?
* Which parts of the requirements and design are unclear or poorly thought out?
* What do the developers think are the highest-risk aspects of the application?
* What kinds of problems would cause the worst publicity?
* What kinds of problems would cause the most customer service complaints?
* What kinds of tests could easily cover multiple functionalities?
* Which tests will have the best high-risk-coverage to time-required ratio?
What if the project isn't big enough to justify extensive testing?
* Consider the impact of project errors, not the size of the project. However, if extensive testing is still not justified, risk analysis is again needed and the same considerations as described previously in 'What if there isn't enough time for thorough testing?' apply. The tester might then do ad hoc testing, or write up a limited test plan based on the risk analysis.
What can be done if requirements are changing continuously?
A common problem and a major headache
* Work with the project's stakeholders early on to understand how requirements might change so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance, if possible.
* It's helpful if the application's initial design allows for some adaptability so that later changes do not require redoing the application from scratch.
* If the code is well-commented and well-documented this makes changes easier for the developers.
* Use rapid prototyping whenever possible to help customers feel sure of their requirements and minimize changes.
* The project's initial schedule should allow for some extra time commensurate with the possibility of changes.
* Try to move new requirements to a 'Phase 2' version of an application, while using the original requirements for the 'Phase 1' version.
* Negotiate to allow only easily-implemented new requirements into the project, while moving more difficult new requirements into future versions of the application.
* Be sure that customers and management understand the scheduling impacts, inherent risks, and costs of significant requirements changes. Then let management or the customers (not the developers or testers) decide if the changes are warranted - after all, that's their job.
* Balance the effort put into setting up automated testing with the expected effort required to re-do them to deal with changes.
* Try to design some flexibility into automated test scripts.
* Focus initial automated testing on application aspects that are most likely to remain unchanged.
* Devote appropriate effort to risk analysis of changes to minimize regression testing needs.
* Design some flexibility into test cases (this is not easily done; the best bet might be to minimize the detail in the test cases, or set up only higher-level generic-type test plans)
* Focus less on detailed test plans and test cases and more on ad hoc testing (with an understanding of the added risk that this entails).
• What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the requirements?
* It may take serious effort to determine if an application has significant unexpected or hidden functionality, and it would indicate deeper problems in the software development process. If the functionality isn't necessary to the purpose of the application, it should be removed, as it may have unknown impacts or dependencies that were not taken into account by the designer or the customer. If not removed, design information will be needed to determine added testing needs or regression testing needs. Management should be made aware of any significant added risks as a result of the unexpected functionality. If the functionality only effects areas such as minor improvements in the user interface, for example, it may not be a significant risk.
How can QA processes be implemented without stifling productivity?
* By implementing QA processes slowly over time, using consensus to reach agreement on processes, and adjusting and experimenting as an organization grows and matures, productivity will be improved instead of stifled. Problem prevention will lessen the need for problem detection, panics and burn-out will decrease, and there will be improved focus and less wasted effort. At the same time, attempts should be made to keep processes simple and efficient, minimize paperwork, promote computer-based processes and automated tracking and reporting, minimize time required in meetings, and promote training as part of the QA process. However, no one - especially talented technical types - likes rules or bureacracy, and in the short run things may slow down a bit. A typical scenario would be that more days of planning and development will be needed, but less time will be required for late-night bug-fixing and calming of irate customers. (See the Books section's 'Software QA', 'Software Engineering', and 'Project Management' categories for useful books with more information.)
What if an organization is growing so fast that fixed QA processes are impossible
* This is a common problem in the software industry, especially in new technology areas. There is no easy solution in this situation, other than:
* Hire good people
* Management should 'ruthlessly prioritize' quality issues and maintain focus on the customer
* Everyone in the organization should be clear on what 'quality' means to the customer
How does a client/server environment affect testing?
* Client/server applications can be quite complex due to the multiple dependencies among clients, data communications, hardware, and servers. Thus testing requirements can be extensive. When time is limited (as it usually is) the focus should be on integration and system testing. Additionally, load/stress/performance testing may be useful in determining client/server application limitations and capabilities. There are commercial tools to assist with such testing. (See the 'Tools' section for web resources with listings that include these kinds of test tools.)
How can World Wide Web sites be tested?
* Web sites are essentially client/server applications - with web servers and 'browser' clients. Consideration should be given to the interactions between html pages, TCP/IP communications, Internet connections, firewalls, applications that run in web pages (such as applets, javascript, plug-in applications), and applications that run on the server side (such as cgi scripts, database interfaces, logging applications, dynamic page generators, asp, etc.). Additionally, there are a wide variety of servers and browsers, various versions of each, small but sometimes significant differences between them, variations in connection speeds, rapidly changing technologies, and multiple standards and protocols. The end result is that
• testing for web sites can become a major ongoing effort. Other considerations might include:
How is testing affected by object-oriented designs?
* What are the expected loads on the server (e.g., number of hits per unit time?), and what kind of performance is required under such loads (such as web server response time, database query response times). What kinds of tools will be needed for performance testing (such as web load testing tools, other tools already in house that can be adapted, web robot downloading tools, etc.)?
* Who is the target audience? What kind of browsers will they be using? What kind of connection speeds will they by using? Are they intra- organization (thus with likely high connection speeds and similar browsers) or Internet-wide (thus with a wide variety of connection speeds and browser types)?
* What kind of performance is expected on the client side (e.g., how fast should pages appear, how fast should animations, applets, etc. load and run)?
* Will down time for server and content maintenance/upgrades be allowed? how much?
* Will down time for server and content maintenance/upgrades be allowed? how much?
* How reliable are the site's Internet connections required to be? And how does that affect backup system or redundant connection requirements and testing?
* What processes will be required to manage updates to the web site's content, and what are the requirements for maintaining, tracking, and controlling page content, graphics, links, etc.?
* Which HTML specification will be adhered to? How strictly? What variations will be allowed for targeted browsers?
* Will there be any standards or requirements for page appearance and/or graphics throughout a site or parts of a site?
* How will internal and external links be validated and updated? how often?
* Can testing be done on the production system, or will a separate test system be required? How are browser caching, variations in browser option settings, dial-up connection variabilities, and real-world internet 'traffic congestion' problems to be accounted for in testing?
* How extensive or customized are the server logging and reporting requirements; are they considered an integral part of the system and do they require testing?
* How are cgi programs, applets, javascripts, ActiveX components, etc. to be maintained, tracked, controlled, and tested?
* Pages should be 3-5 screens max unless content is tightly focused on a single topic. If larger, provide internal links within the page.
* The page layouts and design elements should be consistent throughout a site, so that it's clear to the user that they're still within a site.
* Pages should be as browser-independent as possible, or pages should be provided or generated based on the browser-type.
* All pages should have links external to the page; there should be no dead-end pages.
* The page owner, revision date, and a link to a contact person or organization should be included on each page.
What is Extreme Programming and what's it got to do with testing?
* Extreme Programming (XP) is a software development approach for small teams on risk-prone projects with unstable requirements. It was created by Kent Beck who described the approach in his book 'Extreme Programming Explained' (See the Softwareqatest.com Books page.). Testing ('extreme testing') is a core aspect of Extreme Programming. Programmers are expected to write unit and functional test code first - before the application is developed. Test code is under source control along with the rest of the code. Customers are expected to be an integral part of the project team and to help develope scenarios for acceptance/black box testing. Acceptance tests are preferably automated, and are modified and rerun for each of the frequent development iterations. QA and test personnel are also required to be an integral part of the project team. Detailed requirements documentation is not used, and frequent re-scheduling, re-estimating, and re-prioritizing is expected.
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